History of the Middle East

CW43 The philia east struggled and Arab-Israeli Conflict, c19002001 Jewish settlement in heaven, 190045 Conflict Causes of participation Presence and bring of early(a) actors and Changing Arab-Israeli relationships Proposed solutions originationwide heretoforets World War One Misperceptions Actors Ottoman Empire Jewish settlements capital of France peace Conference Britain and Arabs ally against the OttomanUna strugglee of the details of the Sykes-Picot Until 1917, retention of Arab customs in L everyplaces of Zion Rishon-le-Zion more than 40 Arabs should have the even out to national Empire expectation from the Arabs that Agreement and the Balfour steadfastness Britains paradise Zionist settlements in heaven by 1914 Jewishself-determination need for a major power they would number nirvana in return endorse for both them and Zionism universe of discourse doubled in the midst of to help them reign their saucily coun adjudicate Hussein-McMahon letters Act ors Britain 192229 Britain received the designate to look later Arab disagreement with various proposals Balfour Declaration given a mandate over promised land, also confirmed that the terms Political competitiveness verdict of Paris Peace Conference Palestine by the Paris Peace Conference helped Reasons for migration of the Balfour Declaration should apply to Emir Feisal becomes king of an Arab state Decision to include the Balfour Declaration in the Jews build up their soldiers forces such as Influence of Rothschild Herzl and the Zionist the new country consisting of Palestine, Lebanon, the way n which Palestine was to be governed the Hagannah and the Irgun Zvai Leumi Congress in 1897 Jewish National Fund Transjordan and Syria publicly opposes Peel Report proposed a Jewish state and an Peel Report Zionist migration Arab parties unite to Arab state Actors King-Crane Commission Wartime immigration Palestine should be divided into a Jewish form the Arab Higher Commi ttee Ben Concluded that the case for a Zionist presence Jews smuggled in by ship the Struma state and an Arab state Britain to hold up Gurions conference at the Biltmore Hotel Rate of settlement should be dropped findings ignored by Paris retard of the area around Jerusalem calls for the immediate intromission of a Herbert Samuels influence Jewish population Peace Conference Jewish state in Palestine doubled between 192229 1939 discolor Paper Actors France Jewish immigration to be terminationed to 75,000 Civil disobedience Extreme Zionism King Feisal started contend the french French over the next five years no more 1936 general ingrain Vladimir Jabotinsky, demonstration near the removed him from Syria and Lebanon immigration without Arab consent Mosque of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem Arab-Israeli forcefulness ActorsHerbert Samuel 1942 Biltmore Programme Protest against Samuels decision 1929 Jewish dissatisfaction British Jew, High Commissioner of Palestine Calls for the immediate creation of a massacre Irgun planted bombs and shot Anger at the 1939 White Paper in silly of the 16,500 Jews to be allowed to settle in Palestine Jewish state in Palestine Arabs in reception to the White Paper Nazi threat in 1920 Arab-British violence Events First World War Paris Peace Conference 193739 rebellion Jewish-British violence Lehi, Abraham Stern, Lord Moyne, Irgun violence World War two 30,000 Jews in Palestine joined the British army The creation of the state of Israel and its impact Conflict Causes of infringe Presence and influence of other actors and Changing Arab-Israeli relationships Proposed solutions international events Irgun and Lehi British immigration limits President Truman Propaganda Ben Gurion and the Jewish authorization UN voted in November 1947 to partition From 1946, the Irgun and the Lehi began a Despite President Trumans declaration that D emanded that 100,000 Jews be allowed into continue to try to smuggle Jews into Palestine Palestine six months from that date large-scale campaign of violence against 100,000 Jews should be allowed into Palestine, Palestine at once Jerusalem should be an international zone the British, including the blowing up of the British fixed the limit at 1500 a month. Political change under UN dictation Jewish and Arab states the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, This was the belong straw for the Lehi and the United Nations On 15 May 1948, the British mandate ended and should be united in an economic yoke to headquarters of the British giving medication in Irgun Exodus Asked to take second the mandate from Britain and the Arab and Jewish states came into cosmos the help each others trade Palestine, which killed 91 volume decide the future of the country UN Special Jews named their state Israel and formed a UNSCOP Plan Committee on Palestine truce arranged on government led by Da vid Ben Gurion Death toll Jewish state would be larger than the Arab 11 June 1948 which allowed the Israelis to 212 killings in Palestine state vote for partition was followed by reorganise their army and transport the Czech Effects of the violence violent Arab protests which shortly dour into weapons they had bought in the beginning in the year fromNearly a million Palestinians left or were Civil War killings and counter-killings between Jews and atomic number 63 second truce lasted until October 15 forced to chip in their homes most went to Jordan Operation Dalet, Deir Yassin capture of Arabs and the Gaza Strip, more went to Syria and Tiberias, Haifa and Jaffa Hagganah Arab partnership Lebanon Arab state of Palestine ceased to occupied most of the Arab areas of West Purchasing of arms Palestine turned to it for help however, it hadexist Palestinians became a minority people in Jerusalem Hagannah leaders went to Skoda arms firm in only been created recently and its members were the new state of Israel Czechoslovakia and bought a huge quantity of divided on many an(prenominal) issues War of Liberation armaments Reasons for Palestinian migration The civil contend of 1948 was about to turn Massacre at Deir Yassin, Israeli military into an international war, the offset of a Arab League assistance victory Arab leaders back up them to leave series of Arab-Israeli troths that has Arab League in December 1947 declared partition during the conflict rocked the optic east since 1948.On 15 illegal and gave the Palestinians 10,000 rifles May 1948, armies from Egypt, Lebanon, early in 1948 it formed an Arab Liberation Army Transjordan, Iraq and Syria entered of 3000 volunteers to fight in partition Palestine with the aim of helping the Palestinian Arabs fight the Jewish state Formation of Ben Gurion government of Israel which had been created that dayFive neighbouring Arab countries sent armies to Ara b Legion of Transjordan had taken back make war on Israel control of the Old City of Jerusalem Israelis seized western Galilee drove the Lebanese back north Israel was left in control of 80% of the land Reasons for, and outcomes of, Arab-Israeli conflicts to 1973 War of 1948 War of 1956 War of 1967 War of 1973 interpretation Description Description Description On 15 May 1948, armies from Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, Lasted for 10 days invasion began on 5 June 1967 Israeli initial air strike (bombed Egyptian 6 October the sidereal day of Atonement Arab initial success Iraq and Syria entered Palestine with the aim of helping 29 October advanced deep into Sinai involvement of airfields and launched similar attacks against the other smashed Israels Suez Canal defences 80,000 Egyptians the Palestinian Arabs fight the Jewish state of Israel Britain and France Egypt ref utilize to evacuate Suez Canal Arab air forces) land war (drove Egyptians out of the cros sed the canal destroyed Israeli storage tanks Syria which had been created that day zone and were bombed by the British and French UN voted Gaza strip and Sinai defeated Jordan within two days, advanced into the Golan high school and drove the Israelis for a ceasefire Arab countries stopped provision Britaincapturing the Old City of Jerusalem and the West depose back into Galilee Israel fought back US weapons sent to Causes with rock oil ground forces refused to support the invasion Eden attacked the Syrian army in the Golan Heights and this Israel 254,000 reservists mobilised 14 October tank Establishment of Ben Gurion government unhappiness with forced to agree to a ceasefire just 24 hours after the was over by June 10) United Nations ordered a ceasefire battle against the Egyptians Israel crossed into the the UN Partition Plan British mandate expiring both first British troops had landed in Egypt UN Emergency which the Arab nations had to accept Suez Canal internationa l pressure USSR wanted it ended sides rearmed Force moved in to police the border between Egypt and (feared that the Egyptians would lose) ground forces wanted it Israel Causes ended (did non want to provoke the Soviets into giving Effects - Syria became violently anti-Israel (General Jedids even more weapons to Egypt and Syria) joint ceasefire - Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria signed armistices Causes takeover, attacks by al-Fatah guerrillas from Syria proposed came into force on 22 October with Israel but no peace treaty many Arabs have refused- Nasser wanted to avenge Egypts defeat in the 1948 warincreased) to recognise Israel and have talked about destroying itagainst Israel and to return Palestine to the Arabs - Land dispute Israeli tractor ploughed up some Causes many Jews arrived in Israel from existing refugee camps increased wealth and armed strength his reputation in Arab-owned land close to the border and met Syrian fire. - Sadat replaced Nasser in 1970 a nd he wanted to reverse and communities from due eastern Europe the Arab world increased he aimed to unite the Arabs Israel responded by shelling Syrian guns.Israel warned the Arab defeat of 1967 - Israels first law in 1950 was the Law of Return under Egyptian leadership that it would strike back if Syria did not stop - Egypt was more ready asked the USSR for assistance anti-Jewish riots in Iraq, Zionism was punishable by - 1955 arms agreement with Czechoslovakia gave Egypt - USSR incumbrance (incorrectly argued that Israel was plans were made for an invasion of Sinai across the Suez death Arab protest at Israeli diversion of the waters many Soviet weapons ready to invade Syria at short notice) King Feisal of Canal Syria would also attack from the Golan Heights of River Jordan - Support for Algerian rebels raise France supportedSaudi Arabia and King Hussein of Jordan promised to help - Need for $65 million of international aid to cope withArab rebels who were fighting the French in their colonySyria Effects new humanitarian needs change of leadership in Arab of Algeria - Nasser ordered UN Emergency Force to leave Egyptian - Israeli victory 12,000 Arabs had been killed compared governments character assassination of Egyptian prime minister in- Nationalisation of Aswan Dam angered Britain it had territory UN was ordered to withdraw barred the Gulf to 2000 Israelis 1948 a series of military takeovers in 1949 in 1950 been owned largely by British and French shareholders of Aqaba to Israeli ships military pacts (Jordan and - Oil as a weapon OAPEC increased the price of Arab oil assassination of Lebanese prime minister murder of Nasser did this after Britain and the USA cancelled theEgypt formed a defence pact eight Arab states were until Israel withdrew from Egypt and Syria King Abdullah of Jordan coup in Egypt which gave loans they had promised poised to attack) Moshe Dayan (appointed Minister of - USA tried to appease the Arabs Colonel Nasser po wer Arab leaders blamed their defeat - add-on of Fedayeen ttacks angered Israel Defence) decided to use attack as a form of defence - Britain stopped give Israel with weapons on Britain and the USA and concentrated on improving continuance of cross-border attacks closing of the - EEC expressed kindness for the Palestinians their economies entrance of the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli ships - Kissingers proposal disengagement of Israeli and Egyptian forces should happen in 1974 they should withdraw to pre-ceasefire positions UN army should control the gap between them Israel should withdraw from Sinai and in return get American aid Reasons for, and outcomes of, Arab-Israeli conflicts to 1973 (cont) War of 1948 War of 1956 War of 1967 War of 1973 Some of the new leaders hoped for a union of the ArabEffects Effects countries very little action taken on Palestinian - Egypts military power reduced 1000 casualties - Israel improved its strength and security k ept refugees among all Arab countries, except Jordan Israel sure as a permanent member of the Sinai, Gaza Strip, West Bank, Golan Heights, and doubled Fedayeen established secret guerrilla attacks on international community the size of the country Israeli targets each year from 1949 to 1955, some 250 - Britain and France humiliated their influence in the- Disaster for the Arabs 15,000 men killed 800 tanks Israelis were killed or wounded in such attacks.This Middle East declined had to leave Egypt empty-handed captured or destroyed suffering for the Palestinians prompted Israeli attacks in retaliation, including an failed to overthrow Nasser failed to keep the Suez those who had been living in the West Bank and the Gaza attack on the village of Qibya in Jordan in 1953 and in Canal open had to introduce petrol rationing Strip were now in occupied territories and faced heavy 1955 the Israelis attach a raid on the Gaza strip after- Israel gained security against Feda yeen attacks restrictions on their lives a series of Fedayeen attacks on their territory Arab destroyed their bases UN took over Sharm el-Sheikh and - Strength of Fatah Turned to Fatah rather than other ostracise of Israeli trade Israeli ships could not use Gaza emergence of Palestine Liberation Organisation Arab states Fatah increased their weapons Battle of the Suez Canal confiscation of cargo from Israeli - Nassers reputation in the Arab world increased Karameh Arafat became leader continual fighting ships which called at Arab ports Israel was in a pro-western governments in Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq between Egypt and Israel support from USSR 1970 permanent state of tension turned against France and Britain hopes for United Arabceasefire Guerrilla warfare (PFLP, Dawsons Field League were soon dashed hijackings), Black September Organisation assassinated the Prime Minister of Jordan, kidnapped and later hit eleven Israeli athletes taking part in the Munich Olympic Games failed diplomatic effort UN Resolution 242 Arab patriotism in the 1980s and 1990s, and divisions in the Arab world Divisions in the Arab world Conflict President Sadat Direct conflict between Israel and Lebanon Sadats initiative recognised Israels existence Camp David Agreement of 1978 Washington agreement 1979 caused 26,000 Israeli troops invaded Lebanon in response to a bus hijack PLO continued their attacks undeterred by the UN fury in the Arab world President Sadat was murdered by angry Egyptian soldiers or the Christian militia leader, Major Haddad June 1982 172,000 Israeli soldiers invaded Lebanon UN let them pass forced the PLO out of Beirut PLO went to Algeria and Iraq. Defeat for Israel assassination of pro-Israeli Lebanon Maronite President Gemayel of Lebanon Sabra-Chatila massacre turned public opinion in Israel against the war Sunnis, Shiites, Druzes Christians-Maronites, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholics conflict between Maronites an d Defence Minister Ariel Sharon resigned Israel had to withdraw from Beirut met with suicide bombs from fanatical SunniMuslims refugee problem Shiites PLO in Lebanon PLO attacks Muslims in Lebanese government supported the PLO whilst the Maronites condemned them full-scale civil war between By 1986, PLO guerrillas were back in south Lebanon and making cross-border attacks on Israel splinter groups came Phalangist Militia and Tiger Militia and Shiite and Druze Muslims Syria invaded Lebanon on the side of the into being Palestine Liberal Front hijacked a cruise ship and the Abu Nidal group hijacked an Egyptian airliner Christians and then killed Christians internationalisation of conflict Civil war between terrorist groups in Lebanon Terror campaign was spread in places care Britain and France in 1986 an American soldier was killed by a terrorist Islamic Jihad Organisation Hezbollah Arab deprivation Knights Black Brigades civil war involved taking of hostages bomb in West Berlin US bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi Rise of Hamas from Fatah Political dissension within Israel Following on from this, Hamas and other martial organisations rose to power and shook the foundations of the Peres talks in Morocco and Egypt Taba Yitzchak Shamir no negotiation with the Arabs over the West Bank authority which Fatah under Arafat had established. However, Arafat remained in his position until a month before Jewish settlers continued to build new settlements there Likud talked of extreme solutions such as the nnexation his death in 2004 of the occupied territories intifada On 9 December 1987 an Israeli army patrol shot two attackers uprising soon followed strikes and economic boycotts refused to work for Israeli employers Israels response iron fist Arafats change of play Renounced terrorism proclamation of independent state of Palestine sought to negotiate a settlement with Israel USA entered into talks with the PLO the Os lo Accords of 1993, agreed by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat, granted the Palestinians the right to self-government in the Gaza Strip and the city of Jericho in the West Bank, through the creation of the Palestinian Authority. The PLO had used negotiating tools to get as close to their stated aims as was realistically possible, but this by no agency marked the end of the conflict, as the Second Intifada, with repeated suicide bombings, took place in 200004 Sources Lowe, N. Mastering groundbreaking World History (3rd edition, Macmillan Masters, 997) BBC series, Cold War, written by Jeremy Isaac and Taylor Downing, published by Transworld in 1998 Hunter, R. E. The Six Day War (Purnells History of the twentieth century, Vol. 6, Chapter 94, BBC, 1969) Kyle, K. Suez Britains End of Empire in the Middle East (I. B. Tauris, 2003) Mandle, B. Conflict in the Promised Land (Heinemann, 1976) Mansfield, P. A History of the Middle East (Peng uin, 2003) Perkins, S. J.The Arab-Israeli Conflict (Nelson Thornes, 1991) Regan, G. Israel and the Arabs (Cambridge University Press, 1993) Scott-Baumann, M. Conflict in the Middle East Israel and the Arabs (Hodder Murray, 2007) Processes (Part A) Assess the impact of British intervention 191421 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the turn up decade. Assess the impact of Britain, Egypt and Suez 194556 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the turn up decade. Assess the impact of the Cold War 195673 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. Assess the impact of the United Nations and the Gulf War 199091 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. The role of individuals (Part A) What was the short-term importation of David Ben Gurion? What was the short-term logical implication of Colonel Abdel Nasser? What was the short-term significance of Yasser Arafat? What was the short-term significance of Saddam Hussein? Key events (Part A) What was the short-term significance of the creation of the state of Israel, 1948? What was the short-term significance of the war of Yom Kippur, 1973? What was the short-term significance of the Iranian Revolution, 1979? What was the short-term significance of the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, 1995? Processes (Part B) How significant was the presence of foreign powers as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 19002001? How significant was the existence of Israeli-Arab wars as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 19002001? How significant was the promotion of proposed solutions as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 19002001? How significant was Israeli migration as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 19002001? The role of individuals (Part B) Assess the significance of the role of individuals in affecting Israeli-Arab relations in the years 19002 001. Key events (Part B) To what extent do you address the Balfour Declaration to be a key routine point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? To what extent do you consider the 1948 Civil War in Palestine to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? To what extent do you consider the founding of the Palestine Liberation Organisation to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? To what extent do you consider the death of President Nasser to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century?