Kate Chopins Awakening is Not a Tragedy Essay -- Chopin Awakening Es

Kate Chopins Awakening is Not a Tragedy When we think of a tragedy, thoughts of lost love and torments abound. The most human of emotions, sorrow, overwhelms us. We agonize over the tragedy, and the tragical figure. We resort sight of reality, enthralled by the suspense, captured by the Irony that, we know what plight lies ahead for the characters. We feel the suffering and the helplessness of the characters as the tragedy unwinds. Although Kate Chopins The Awakening is a powerful story, it is by no means a tragedy. The Awakening does not posses the necessary components of a tragedy. There is no tragic figure, there is no tragic plot or theme, and the ending is far from tragic. First, tragic figures must captivate the audience. They must create an atmosphere that is shrouded in irony, suspense and mystery. These figures must also pull in the audience love them, feel for them and experience the anguish and pain they will undergo. King Lear is a great example of a tragi c figure. He appeals to the referee, and captures their attention. The reader ends up sympathizing for him, and wanting him to overcome the obstacles which block his path. He motivates the emotion of the audience and controls their feelings. Edna Pontellier does not have the depth of character or ability to be a tragic figure. From the opening chapters she is portrayed as a troubled woman, one who is captured within a society where she does not belong. Her marriage to Leonce is one of convenience, there is no love, no passion, and no affection between them. Edna portrays a woman who is caught up within a life which does not suit her. She is, in ... ...t structure and conclusion, which atomic number 18 essential aspects of all tragedies. Works Cited Allen, Priscilla. Old Critics and New The Treatment of Chopins The Awakening. In The Authority of Experience Essays in Feminist Criticism, ed. Arlyn Diamond and Lee R. Edwards. Amherst University of Massachusetts Press, 1977, 2 24-238. Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. A Norton Critical Edition Kate Chopin The Awakening. Ed. Margo Culley. 2nd ed. New York W.W. Norton, 1994. 3-109. Seyersted, Per, and Emily Toth, eds. A Kate Chopin Miscellany. Natchitoches Northwestern State University Press, 1979. Sullivan, Barbara. Introduction to The Awakening. In The Awakening, ed. Barbara Sullivan. New York Signet, 1976. Toth, Emily. Kate Chopins The Awakening as Feminist Criticism. Louisiana Studies, 15 (1976), 241-251.

History of Percussion Instruments Essay -- Music

History of Percussion Instruments There ar few certainties about the percussion family. No one cansay how some(prenominal) instruments it contains few stick agreed on playingtechniques and few could name one orchestral piece specifically writtenwith percussion in mind. However, one thing is certain, percussion has beenshown over time that it is not merely a matter of beating out bout (History of Percussion 1). The family of percussion instruments is thefirst musical instrumentation introduced to the world. To this date thereare countless percussion instruments. Each group of instruments has a unalike ethnic origin and history in different societies. From theshallow drums of fourth century B. C. to the giant cot rattles of thefifteenth century, percussion instruments leave had a queer history. Percussion instruments have had an extensive background on manyfactors of their sound, and playing style. All percussion instruments retortinto two main categories, idio phones and membranophones. Idiophonesproduce their sound from vibrations without the economic consumption of a stretched membrane.This could include castanets, rattles, and mallet instruments.Membranophones are those that produce a sound from the vibrations of astretched membrane. These include any type of drum hit with a stick. bothof these instruments are tunable in many different ways and formstherefore, these instruments can be used as melodic instruments (Percussion 653).Basic idiophones (also refereed to as concussion instruments) arestruck together. This includes clappers, cymbals, stones, and castanets.Percussive idiophones are hit by nonsonorous strikers. These types ofinstruments include gongs, triangles, and xylophones. Shaken idiophoneswere usually cups or shells that contained rattles or pellets, the shakingof the shells and cups produced a sound. There are many other idiophonesincluding scraped, split, and plucked kinds. (Percussion 653). Thesecertain instrument s are very important in the percussive arts field.Membranophones are commonly referred to as just drums. They fallinto many categories such as kettledrums, bowl shaped drums, tubular drums, skirmish drums, and mirlitons. Kettledrums and tubular drums are sometimestunable drums that can be played with hands or beaters. Friction drums arerubbed togethe... ...drum became a major advantage. It was believed that the Muslimsinvented the kettledrums (Percussion 659). Around the dawn of theseventh century, the use of drumsticks became a vital role in playing drumsin Asia (Percussion 658). China and Japan invented a thunder drum, whichis a drum that resembles the sounds of rolling thunder. These drums wereused during large ceremonies and were played by many men at once. Drumsplayed a vital role in Chinese and Korean orchestras. Some orchestras were just percussion orchestras. Around thetwelfth century the first friction drums were used in Spain and WesternEurope. The his tory of percussion is very unique and impressive. Theorigins of different percussion instruments are interesting to the mind.Many other musical instruments have a long history but the history ofpercussion is very unparagoned and compelling. Today, percussioninstruments are widely used in orchestras and symphonies around the world,these instruments of the past have taken many different forms. The futureof percussion instruments holds new innovative musical ideas, and anincrease for the music appreciation endeavor.

The Impact of the Internet on Society Essay -- Technology Sociology

The Impact of the Internet on SocietyThe Internet is, quite literally, a network of networks. It is comprised of ten thousands of coordinated networks spanning the globe. The computers that form the Internet range from huge mainframes in research establishments to modest PCs in peoples homes and offices. Despite the recent hype, the Internet is not a new phenomenon. Its grow lie in a collection of computers that were linked to breakher in the mid-seventies to form the US Department of Defenses communications systems. Fearing the consequences of nuclear attack, there was no central computer holding vast amounts of data, rather the knowledge was dispersed across thousands of machines. A set of rules, of protocols, known as transmission control protocol/IP was highly-developed to allow disparate devices to work together. The original network has long since been upgraded and expanded and TCP/IP is now a de facto standard. Millions of people worldwide are utilize the Internet to sha re information, make new associations and communicate. Individuals and businesses, from students and journalists, to consultants, programmers and corporate giants are all harnessing the force-out of the Internet. For many businesses the Internet is becoming integral to their operations. Imagine the ability to enthral and receive data messages, notes, letters, documents, pictures, video, sound- just about any form of communication, as effortlessly as making a phone call. It is easy to understand why the Internet is rapidly becoming the corporate communications medium. Using the mouse on your computer, the familiar point-and-click functionality gives you access to electronic mail for sending and receiving data, and file hit for copying files from one computer to an some other. Telnet services allow you to establish connections with systems on the other side of the world as if they were just next door. This flood of information is a beautiful thing and it can only open the minds of society. With the explosion of the valet encompassing Web, anyone could publish his or her ideas to the world. Before, in order to be hear one would have to go through publishers who were willing to invest in his ideas to get something put into print. With the advent of the Internet, anyone who has something to say can be heard by the world. By letting everyone speak their mind, this opens up all new ways of opinion to anyone who is willing to ... ...ia Internet. Libicky Martin. Sept.1997. Physics Today. Information Warfare A brief orient to defense Preparedness. Chidley Joe- Caragata Warren. May 1995. Macleans. Crime in Cybercity. Ricci Steven. Oct.1998. Professional counselor. A Tangled Web. Belsie Laurent. Jul.1994. Christian Science Monitor. The Dark Side of Cyberspace. Hayes Brian. Sept./Oct.1994. American scientist. The world Wide Web Elias Marilyn- Weise Elizabeth. Apr.1998. Digital Drug. Birkerts Sven. Jul.1997. National Review. The Net and the Self. Rogers Adams. Aug.1998. intelligence serviceweek. Good Medicine on the Web. Mannix Margaret. Jun.1997. U.S. News & World Report. Exposed Online. Levy Steven. Jul.1997. Newsweek. On the Net, Anything Goes. Hellwege Jean. Jun.1997. Trial. Privacy on the Internet. red laver Ross.Sept.1998. Macleans. The Sadness of Cyberspace. McAllester Matthew. Sept.1998. Newsday. Identity Crisis. Websites http//www.privacy.org http//www.epic.org http//www.cnil.fr http//www2.echo.lulegal/en/dataport/directiv/directiv.html http//www.usq.edu/au/dec The Impact of the Internet on Society Essay -- Technology SociologyThe Impact of the Internet on SocietyThe Internet is, quite literally, a network of networks. It is comprised of ten thousands of interconnected networks spanning the globe. The computers that form the Internet range from huge mainframes in research establishments to modest PCs in peoples homes and offices. Despite the recent hype, the Internet is not a new phenomenon. Its roots lie in a collection of computers that were linked together in the 1970s to form the US Department of Defenses communications systems. Fearing the consequences of nuclear attack, there was no central computer holding vast amounts of data, rather the information was dispersed across thousands of machines. A set of rules, of protocols, known as TCP/IP was developed to allow disparate devices to work together. The original network has long since been upgraded and expanded and TCP/IP is now a de facto standard. Millions of people worldwide are using the Internet to share information, make new associations and communicate. Individuals and businesses, from students and journalists, to consultants, programmers and corporate giants are all harnessing the power of the Internet. For many businesses the Internet is becoming integral to their operations. Imagine the ability to send and receive data messages, notes, letters, documents, pictures, video, sound- just about any form of communication, as effortlessly as making a phone call. It is easy to understand why the Internet is rapidly becoming the corporate communications medium. Using the mouse on your computer, the familiar point-and-click functionality gives you access to electronic mail for sending and receiving data, and file transfer for copying files from one computer to another. Telnet services allow you to establish connections with systems on the other side of the world as if they were just next door. This flood of information is a beautiful thing and it can only open the minds of society. With the explosion of the World Wide Web, anyone could publish his or her ideas to the world. Before, in order to be heard one would have to go through publishers who were willing to invest in his ideas to get something put into print. With the advent of the Internet, anyone who has something to say can be heard by the world. By letting everyone speak their mind, this opens up all new ways of thinking to anyone who is willing to ... ...ia Internet. Libicky Martin. Sept.1997. Physics Today. Information Warfare A brief guide to defense Preparedness. Chidley Joe- Caragata Warren. May 1995. Macleans. Crime in Cybercity. Ricci Steven. Oct.1998. Professional counselor. A Tangled Web. Belsie Laurent. Jul.1994. Christian Science Monitor. The Dark Side of Cyberspace. Hayes Brian. Sept./Oct.1994. American scientist. The world Wide Web Elias Marilyn- Weise Elizabeth. Apr.1998. Digital Drug. Birkerts Sven. Jul.1997. National Review. The Net and the Self. Rogers Adams. Aug.1998. Newsweek. Good Medicine on the Web. Mannix Margaret. Jun.1997. U.S. News & World Report. Exposed Online. Levy Steven. Jul.1997. Newsweek. On the Net, Anything Goes. Hellwege Jean. Jun.1997. Trial. Privacy on the Internet. Laver Ross.Sept.1998. Macleans. The Sadness of Cyberspace. McAllester Matthew. Sept.1998. Newsday. Identity Crisis. Websites http//www.privacy.org http//www.epic.org http//www.cnil.fr http//www2.echo.lulegal/en/dataport/directiv/directiv.html http//www.usq.edu/au/dec

Loves Faults :: Essays Papers

basks FaultsThe novel, Mother Tongue, is a great example of the misuse of manage today. The author, Demetria Martinez, tells the tale of a woman that falls in love with a Salvadoreo refugee. Jos Luis is a soldier in the Salvadorian army that flees to the United States where he begins a love affair with a young woman, Mary. From my prospective, the emotions they sh ared were non of love, but rather emotions that arose from false pretenses. Like so many relation-ships in our society today, the term love is taken for granted. Relationships are embarked upon without consideration of the repercussions. Divorce rates are a great example how relationships are not being started for the right reasons. Love is abused because of humans innate desire to love, uncontrollable feeling to search for it, and be loved despite their failure to develop the necessary foundations for true love.The yearning for lovingness is one of lifes greatest mysteries. This longing has led to many misconcept ions of love. The greatest factor in the delusion of love is lust often the emotions that arise from eroticism are mistaken for the true euphoric experience that is true love. Another factor that contributes to false love is loneliness, which is a feeling that all good deal know and head off tremendously. As in Marys case, her judgement was clouded by her misinterpretation of what she believed to be love. Mary was unable to realize that what appeared to be love was not truly love, I courted disaster, set out to love a man I knew full well would go away. (Pg. 27) The combination of lust, loneliness, and Marys undying need for love that created a crude(a) awakening for her. Mankinds intense yearning for love leads him to what seems to be an unending search for it. Man spends too much time searching for love but not fully understanding its purpose. Love is a gift from one person to another, and thus it has the ability to posses many different meanings. Often, in search of lo ve people fall into the trap of trying to alter love to suit personal fantasies of what it should be. Frequently spending their time convincing themselves of what they can change about the other, or else of how they can work to accept them. I was one of those women whose fate is to take a war out of a man, or at least opine she is doing so.

Effective Literary Elements in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights Essay

Effective Literary Elements in Wuthering high Critics analyze and examine Wuthering Heights to obtain a deeper understanding of the message that Emily Bronte wants to convey. By focusing on the different literary elements of fiction used in the novel, readers are better up to(p) to understand how the author successfully uses theme, characters, and setting to create a very controversial novel in which the reader is torn amid opposite conditions of extol and hate, good and evil, revenge and forgiveness in Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights. There is no doubt that the use of conflictive characters such as Catherine Earnshaw, Heathcliff, and Edgar, with their interactions in the two different settings creates an excellent backdrop for a doomed love history. The central theme of Wuthering Heights is a love story that challenges the established hearty rules in which the protagonists, Catherine and Heathcliff have lived it is a story that survives the unfortuna te choices that both lovers make and even mystically survives Catherines death. The protagonists fall in love despite the opposition of Hindley Earnshaw. Catherines attraction for Heathcliff is so strong that she feels compelled go against her brothers wishes and the social class conventions existing at that time. However, after courting for a while, Catherine makes the tragic decision of accepting Edgar Lintons proposal for marriage. This decision brings about a conflictive situation between Heathcliff and both the Earnshaws and the Lintons. One day, Heathcliff overhears Catherine telling Nelly It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now (Bronte 59). This comment enrages Heathcliff and he storms out of the house ... ...to illustrate how humans shape their way to unhappiness by not addressing their true feelings. However, in the end, young Catherine and Hareton are able to acknowledge their feelings and choose to be happy. They finally obtain the happiness that has elu ded the previous multiplication of these English houses - Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange - as clearly shown in the movie version directed by Peter Kosminsky. Works Cited Bronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights. New York Dover Thrift Editions, 1996. Charters, Ann, ed. The stratum and Its Writer. 3rd ed. Boston St. Martins, 1999. Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte. Dir. Peter Kosminsky. Perf. Julliette Binoche, Ralph Fiennes, Sophie Ward, Simon Shepherd and Jeremy Northam. 5 Star Cinema. Bravo Special Presentation. Videocassette. 2002.

Effective Literary Elements in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights Essay

Effective Literary Elements in Wuthering high gear Critics analyze and examine Wuthering Heights to obtain a deeper understanding of the message that Emily Bronte wants to convey. By focusing on the different literary elements of fiction used in the novel, readers argon better able to understand how the author successfully uses theme, characters, and setting to create a very controversial novel in which the reader is torn between opposite conditions of love and hate, good and evil, revenge and forgiveness in Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights. There is no doubt that the use of conflictive characters such as Catherine Earnshaw, Heathcliff, and Edgar, with their interactions in the two different settings creates an excellent background for a doomed love story. The central theme of Wuthering Heights is a love story that challenges the established social rules in which the protagonists, Catherine and Heathcliff have lived it is a story that survives the unfortuna te choices that both lovers make and even mystically survives Catherines death. The protagonists attain in love despite the opposition of Hindley Earnshaw. Catherines attraction for Heathcliff is so strong that she feels compelled go against her brothers wishes and the social class conventions existing at that time. However, after courting for a while, Catherine makes the tragic decision of accepting Edgar Lintons proposal for marriage. This decision brings about a conflictive situation between Heathcliff and both the Earnshaws and the Lintons. One day, Heathcliff overhears Catherine telling Nelly It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff forthwith (Bronte 59). This comment enrages Heathcliff and he storms out of the house ... ...to illustrate how humans shape their way to unhappiness by not addressing their true feelings. However, in the end, young Catherine and Hareton are able to acknowledge their feelings and choose to be happy. They finally obtain the happiness tha t has eluded the previous generation of these English houses - Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange - as clearly shown in the mental picture version directed by Peter Kosminsky. Works Cited Bronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights. New York Dover Thrift Editions, 1996. Charters, Ann, ed. The Story and Its Writer. 3rd ed. Boston St. Martins, 1999. Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte. Dir. Peter Kosminsky. Perf. Julliette Binoche, Ralph Fiennes, Sophie Ward, Simon ward and Jeremy Northam. 5 Star Cinema. Bravo Special Presentation. Videocassette. 2002.

Veronica Guerin-the One Who Stood Up

veronica Guerin-The one who stood up Veronica Guerin (5 July 1958 26 June 1996) was an Irish journalist who was mared on the 26th June 1996, on the Naas Road, capital of Ireland, as a result of her work as a offensive journalist specialising in the do doses world of capital of Ireland. Guerin was born and brought up in Artane where she lived with her four siblings and her parents, Christopher and Bernadette. She acquired the cognomen Ronnie during her childhood and she received her education in the Catholic schools of Dublins north side. She became an accomplished athlete in camogie, soccer and basketball.Soccer, in situation, remained a briolong passion of Guerins she was a fanatic supporter of Englands Manchester United professional soccer team. One of her most prised possessions was a picture of her and the famous United player Eric Cantona, which was taken on a trip to Old Trafford. Guerin married Graham Turley who she had a son Cathal with. She studied accountancy at Trin ity College Dublin and on her graduation she was hired by her father at his company. After her father passed away three years afterwardwards her appointment at the company she left and started a new go in public relations.She started a new firm in 1983 which was run by her for seven years. After leaving the firm she took up journalism, first as a business writer for Dublins sunshine Business Post and then as a news reporter for the citys Sunday Tribune. Then in 1994, Guerin became an incident-finding reporter for the Sunday Independent, the largest-circulation weekend newspaper in Ireland. This move signalled not only Guerins subsequent rise to somewhat fame in Ireland but to a fault led to the sequence of events that ended in her eventually been murdered.Her murder along with detective Jerry Mc Cabes murder three weeks earlier sparked the Irish politics and the Irish people into carriage on tackling the war on drugs head on and without fear. For years she had mounted a high- profile war against Irelands drug barons on the pages of the Sunday Independent. Guerin tackled, without fear and without regard for her own safety, the drug kings of Dublin. The work she was involved in was obviously extremely dangerous and her life was put in danger on a number of occasions In October 1994, Guerin was subjected to her first incident of violence to stem from one of her stories.Two bullets where shot through her house window as she was play with her son at home. This incident came a month after she had written a newspaper article on the drug baron the general after he was shot dead in his car. The second major incident to arise out of her news reporting was a very serious and life treating one, in January 1995, a masked gunman burst into her home when she answered the door and pointed a handgun at her head but lowered it and shot her in the thigh. Guerin suspected that the gunman was hired to hit her because of an article that she had written about the theft of ? . 4 million from a supposedly secure depot unspoiled Dublin airport. This was the largest cash robbery in Irish history. (Encyclopedia. com) When Guerin was released from hospital after been shot she went along with her husband to every crime boss in Dublin she knew and handed them a letter letting them know that she was unafraid and unwilling to give up the fight on drugs. It was a statement of intent. A security department system was installed at her home after the attack and the guards gave her 24 hour escort.They accompanied her where ever she went but Guerin, after a few days, stopped the guards ensuant her, as she felt it hindered her work as she was unable to talk to people and get the in organisation she needed for her articles. (Film Veronica Guerin) Then in September 1995, Guerin nonrecreational a visit to a horse farm owned by the notorious John Gilligan, a known leading player in Dublins underworld. She confronted him about how he had amassed such a fortune and good lifestyle without been able to show where he had obtained all the money from.He reacted in a brutal, cowardly and savage way to these allegations by tearing open her shirt while looking for a wire and beating her senseless. Sometime after Gilligan phoned her and be her and her son Cathal. He told her he would kill her and harm Cathal if his found was ever mentioned in any news article that she wrote. (Freemedia. com) Guerin was never scared or would never let the drug barons sees that she was scared. She insisted that she would not be intimidated by any of them but friends of Guerin did admit after her death that she was fearful of Gilligan for the feature that he had threatened to harm her son.She didnt let this phase her and she continued her tireless and fearful work and she continued to try and get closer to these drug kingpins. As she once said they would find it harder to kill someone they knew. That statement I feel summarised how she basi mentiony felt about reporting on such a dangerous topic she knew the danger not only to her life but also to her families lives but she knew she had some sort of protection in the fact that she knew the people she was mostly reporting on and her statement is entirely true they would find it harder to kill someone they knew.In December 1995, Guerin received the International Press independence Award from the Committee to Protect Journalists. On June 26, 1996, Guerin was in court in Dublin on a bridle-path traffic offence she travelled onto the Naas road and stopped at a set of traffic lights when the court was finished. She was alone in her car when she stopped at the traffic lights and made a call to friend and college, Chris Mulligan, on her phone having previously rung her mother to let her know she had been let off with the traffic offence in court. Then two men pulled up along the right hand side of the car and one of them opened fire.Guerin was shot five times in the neck and chest, cleanup position her in stantly. The men then took off at speed before anyone could react. Her funeral, near Dublin airport was full with mourners, that included Irelands president, and head of the armed forces while thousands of others watched the dish out on television. On July 4, there was a heartbeat of silence in her memory, people everywhere across the country stood quietly and bowed their heads in tribute. large number just wanting to pay their respects gathered in front of the offices of the Sunday Independent to leave flowers and sign a condolence book. Encyclopedia. com) As concisely as Guerin had been shot dead the guards launched an investigation into her murder. There was no doubt in anyones mind that she had been the victim of a hit ordered all by someone she had already written about in her articles or someone she had planned to report on in the near rising. It was unsure at the time weather her culprits would be brought to justice as the guards knew it would be a long and pain staking investigation. However in October 1996, a man by the name of Paul Ward was charged with the conspiracy to murder Veronica Guerin.He was the first person arrested and charged over the murder but the guards were hopeful he wouldnt be the last. Most people including the guards believed that Gilligan was behind the hit although this proved very hard to prove. Gilligan left Ireland for Amsterdam the day before Guerin was murdered. Sometime after, Gilligan was caught with half a million in cash trying to board a flight he was unable to explain where the cash had legitimately come from. He claimed he won the vast amount of money gambling but was arrested on charges of trying to launder profits from selling illegal drugs. Encyclopedia. com) Since she was murdered, a number of things have happened that showed she did not die in vain and die for no reason. Since her death journalists who report on dangerous topics have been given better protection. Also after she was murdered the Irish orga nisation held a special meeting to come up with and discuss a way which they would be able to create anti-crime commandment in order to put a huge crack down on drug crime and also to make it easier for the guards to create and implement cases against crime bosses.These new measures forced numerous of Dublins crime bosses to flee the country before the guards had the chance or opportunity to arrest them. Veronica Guerin not only changed the level of drugs on Dublins streets, she changed how people reacted to drugs on their streets residents in some of Dublins poorest areas demanded change and set up groups that marched the streets and kicked the drug dealers out. After her death the drug crime rate in Ireland fell by 50% the following year. (Freemedia. om) As a result of her murder the government established the Proceeds of Crime Act 1996 and the Criminal Assets Bureau Act 1996, so that assets purchased with money obtained through crime could be seized by them. This led to the for mation of the Criminal Assets Bureau (CAB). Veronicas murder was seen as an outrage and as then Taoiseach, John Bruton, described it, it was an attack on democracy. (Encyclopedia. com) Charles Bowden, a member of Gilligans gang, was arrested along with the other members of the gang that where still in the country following the murder.In an agreement with the Attorney General of Ireland, he agreed to manoeuvre states witness. In doing this he became the first person in history to enter the Republic of Irelands witness protection programme. A programme that is now very bountiful in the Irish legal system. (Encyclopedia. com) Her life and death signalled change in many institutions in Ireland mainly Social and Political. From a social point of look obviously the effect the fall in drug taking and drug crime would of having would have been very positive.A fall of 50% in drug link up crime the year after her death symbolised just how much of an impact her death had on Dublins drug ru n underworld. Her actions obviously had a symbolic effect on drug users. From a political point of view this is the institution that Guerins life and death had the biggest impact on. Her actions as a journalist ultimately led the Irish government to change the Irish constitution they introduced two new acts which led to the formation of CAB. This was a historic moment in Irish history a moment that has played a major role in the way criminals are treated in this country.The fact that one womans life could change the Irish constitution through her actions is undoubtedly remarkable its just a shame it took her murder to spark the government into action. Her death obviously had a huge effect on a lot of people most notably her husband and son. She was value by a lot of people for her tireless work on bringing the drugs problem in Dublin onto a national level. A plot from an article written by her work college, Kelly Fincham, summarises her mindset on the problem of drugs in Dublin. L ike all mothers, she worried about her childs future but she also worried that her son would grow up in a crime-infested city as the authorities appeared to be ignoring the drug epidemic. Unlike many people in journalism and indeed Dublin, Veronica felt it was a foolish choice to avoid the problem by isolating yourself from it. (Irishabroad. com) Guerins actions and adventurous reporting changed the view on drugs in Ireland forever. Her murder signalled a social change that will forever be prominent in our country.With the establishment of the in a higher place acts not only was the criminal justice system changed in this country but the Irish constitution was also changed. Guerin wanted to change peoples lives through her reporting. She had met with young drug addicts and its for this reason that she strived to expose the main drug dealers in Dublin. She saw that these drug addicts didnt have to live the life they where currently living and that they could change themselves along with other things. Everyone in the Republic of Ireland remembers where they were when they heard Veronica Guerin had been murdered on the Naas Road. Film Veronica Guerin) Referencing Film Veronica Guerin. (2003). Directed by Joel Schumacher. Dublin Ireland, (DVD). Website Encyclopedia. com. (2004) Veronica Guerin. Available at http//www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1G2-3404707176. html Accessed on 5/12/2011 Freemedia. com (2000) Veronica Guerin Ireland, World Press emancipation hero. Available at http//www. freemedia. at/awards/veronica-guerin/ Accessed on 11/12/2011 Irishabroad. com (2009) Remembering the real Veronica Guerin. Available at http//www. irishabroad. com/news/irishinamerica/news/guerin. asp Accessed on 11/12/2011

Comparative analysis of political participation Essay

The change in semi governmental dispelicipation is currently a hotly discussed topic. Low turnouts in the 2001 and 2005 UK general elections, along with falling membership of political parties have led political administrations to discover the reasons for this (BBC, 2006). One method is to use proportional analysis. This is round comparing aspects of countries political systems (Dobson, 2005, p.140) to try to understand why a phenomenon occurs in iodin country or time period entirely non in another. This essay looks at two factors, which evidence suggests affect political participation gender and socio-economic standing. It examines whether comparative analysis is a useful tool for poring over this topic. It concludes that whilst comparative politics is helpful at identifying participation trends, it is too simplistic to provide practical answers and that further studies ar required to reveal useful offsprings.Historically, customary ways for citizens to participate in po litics were by voting in elections and joining a political party. The decline in these activities has led some to intend there is political apathy in Britain. However Helena Kennedy (cited by White, 2006, p.4), chair of the Commission which produced the tycoon to the People report (2006) denies this, saying that despite no longer wanting to join a party or get consumed in formal politics, people instead take direct action by raising money for charities, joining protest marches, signing petitions and undertaking volunteering work within their communities. The possibility for differing definitions of key outcomes is a disadvantage for comparative analysis.A shoot that defines participation in terms such as voting or contacting politicians will conclude that political participation has decreased and supports the political apathy theory, whereas, a canvass such as the Citizen Audit (2001), using unorthodox definitions, such as membership of political organisations (anything from tr ade unions to community groups) or financially backing activist organisations, find that participation is still strong. The Citizen Audit found that approximately 40 per cent of adults belong to at least one political organisation (Smith, 2005, p.83)and there is little evidence of widespread apathy (Smith, 2005, p.84). When trying to create policies to increase political participation, these conflicting results are unhelpful.Following a 2002 European conjugation directive, which required member states to promote equality in relation to sexual orientation, age and religion in addition to race, gender and disability (Squires, 2005, p.119), European governments began to broach changes to the way women were represented within parliament. Governments did not necessarily choose the same initiatives and comparative analysis is useful to identify quickly the comparative success of separately governments initiatives. (See table 1, Appendix).Political systems are hugely complex and as Dob son states Each day most of us find ourselves describing, explaining and predicting something. proportional politics is no more, then, than carrying out these apparently basic human activities in the context of what we are calling political worlds (Dobson, 2005, p.143). Comparing what happens in different countries or different political systems enables the analysis of differences and similarities and thereby, identifying factors that can be applied generally to simplify complex systems. For example Table 1 shows that Nordic countries have importantly higher levels of female participation in comparison to the UK.A policy maker, looking to increase participation by UK women, can then look at why there is such a large disparity between the two countries and whether there is something the UK could learn from Nordic policy. This illustrates another advantage of comparative study it gives opportunity to expand ones knowledge of political worlds. For comparison there must(prenominal) b e at least two things to compare which must be evidently different. In political comparison, this is often two different countries and even if one is ones own, the other will not be and if we assume that knowledge of others is a prerequisite for finding our way around, and managing, a globalizing world, then comparative politics seems to be of increasing practical importance (Dobson, 2005, p.143).Expanding ones knowledge is generally auspicious and simplifying complex schooling is usually advantageous although over simplification is a risk. Table 2 shows the same information as table 1 but for the elections that were held closest to the time of the aforementioned EU directive. Figure 1 shows the percentage point difference between twain elections. Using this information, that same policy maker may feel that focussing on Frances policies would be of much greater value than that of the Nordic countries as, in only 10 years, France has almost doubled the amount of women who hold parli amentary seats.Comparing and ranking countries can be useful but, as illustrated here, it is only part of a story and great care must be taken when interpreting comparative data. Oversimplification is a distinct risk of comparative analysis. It is realizable to mitigate the risk by undertaking more study, producing more data and a more sophisticated and detailed analysis to guide forecasting or policy change. It is important that one considers this potential issue when working with conclusions drawn from comparative analysis.In 2005 the Electoral Commission produced a research report, Social exception and Political Engagement. Its butt was to explore why those experiencing genial disadvantage tend to also be the most politically excluded in society. (Electoral Commission, 2005) Looking at the aim of this report highlights an advantage of using comparative politics but also a disadvantage. The advantage is that it allows scrutiny of hypotheses in this case, those who experience tender disadvantage are more likely to be politically excluded. By comparing different circumstances, one can find out what factors affect the political situation in a country, giving an idea as to what particular social/financial or other conditions might give rise to say, reform or novelty in the future. The possibility to predict outcomes is especially important for politicians the possibility of knowing that under certain social conditions, policy X will produce outcome Y (Dobson, 2005, p.144) allows them to make informed policy decisions.The disadvantage is that in research, subjectivity and objectivity can sometimes be lost. Baxter, (cited by Dobson, 2005, p.146) points out Research is not a wholly objective activity carried out by detached scientists. It is a social activity powerfully affected by the researchersown motivations and values. In this case, the researcher(s) has(ve) already taken on the axiom that those with social disadvantages are politically excluded. This d oes not necessarily mean that conclusions drawn by social scientists are useless it just means that it is important that anyone working with these conclusions is aware that they might be contaminated by their comparative scientists own motivations and values (Dobson, 2005, p.154).The report pull together much information on the subject and found that the working sort out (C2DEs) were 21 percentage points less likely to vote than the middle class (ABC1), 60% to 41%. It also found ABC1s twice as likely as C2DEs to take advantage of the opportunity to contact their elected representatives two-thirds of those who present their views to their councillors or MPs are ABC1s Political activism is higher among ABC1s than C2DEs (23% as compared to 7%). Across a range of different activities which could still be defined as political, there is a correlation with class and income those in the lowest social class, the poorest in society and the less educated were less likely to be politically act ive than those who are in a higher social class (Electoral Commission, 2005, p.9).This gives a lot of interesting information and seems to make it clear that there is a correlation between social class and political participation but then it could be argued that it does not really say anything useful. It illustrates a difference but it does not give any reason for this difference. It does not give any principles that one could draw from the comparisons to enable one to make wider or more generalise conclusions about what would lessen the gap. Anyone using the data runs the risk of putting their own interpretation on the results, as stated by Lewis (cited in Dobson, 2005, p.157) the development of the comparatives tools seems to involve the interpretation of political reality rather than its simple and problem-free observation. The other difficulty with this is that people interpret things in different ways and one individuals interpretation of these results might not be anothers. This runs the risk of further confusion rather than clarifying issues.To conclude, Dobson asks Whether, despite their peculiarities, we can tropetheories for comparing political worlds that will enable us to offer general truths about them. Or are we only ever able to tell stories about them stories rich in specific detail but devoid of generalizable truths? (Dobson, 2005, p.140). Comparative analysis is a key tool in identifying trends in participation. It also allows for the testing of hypothesis and for simplification of complicated data, with the possibility of expanding ones knowledge all notable advantages. However, the disadvantages of contamination and misinterpretation along with the possibility for over simplification reveal crucial limitations, meaning that comparative analysis offers little in the way of definitive predictions about or practical answers which could influence political participation.ReferencesBBC, 2006. Political system faces nuclear meltdown. BBC UK P olitics. Available at http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4753876.stm Accessed 3 December, 2014.Electoral Commission, 2005. Available at http//www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/63835/Social-exclusion-and-political-engagement.pdf Accessed 4 December, 2014.Dobson, A., Story telling and theory building comparing political worlds. In Lewis, P ed. 2005. Exploring Political Worlds. Milton Keynes, The Open UniversitySmith, M., Taking part in politics. In Lewis, P ed. 2005. Exploring Political Worlds. Milton Keynes, The Open UniversitySquires, J., Common citizenship and plural identities the politics of social difference. In Lewis, P ed. 2005. Exploring Political Worlds. Milton Keynes, The Open UniversityWhite, I., Power Inquiry, 2006. Power to the People the report of Power, an Independent Inquiry into Britains Democracy. Commons Library Standard Note, Power to the People the report of Power, an Independent Inquiry into Britains Democracy. Commons Library Stand ard Note. Available at http//www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/SN03948/power-to-the-people-the-report-of-power-an-independent-inquiry-into-britains-democracy Accessed 3 December, 2014.Whiteley, P.F., Pattie, C. and Seyd, P., Citizen Audit of Great Britain, 2000-2001 computer file. Colchester, Essex UK Data scroll distributor, March 2005. SN 5099, http//dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5099-1

Writing in a Relaxed Atmosphere

Writing in a relaxed atmosphere, for me, was extremely hard to do in the beginning. As a single mother of two little ones, my mind constantly races through the ins and outs of our daily life. Once I finally frame my very own quiet time and place, the words came freely and surprisingly, so did the emotion I have worked so hard to keep under control.In searching for my very own relaxed atmosphere, I took a blanket and chair out to the campsite that my husband and I camped at shortly subsequently we wed. My husband, Kevin, committed suicide in March of 2009. As the assignment was given in class, I knew exactly who I would write to. Though unsure of what I would say, to whom I would write was never a question.Sitting alone thinking of what I would say, I realized why writing in solitude could be very beneficial. With daily distractions, my concentration is easily broken causing me to lose my train of thought. Writing a letter to Kevin in a place that held some(prenominal) special memo ries helped me to embrace the emotions and thoughts that I ignore daily. As I got comfortable with being alone, this is a rare occasion for me, I was shocked when the words entirely came. While the words in the letter came to me with great ease, the essay was more difficult.Even knowing that this was a letter that will never be rake by the person it was wrote to, I am extremely thankful for this assignment. I found the seclusion to be soothing, comforting and for once felt that I could be honest about how his actions made me feel. The noises found in nature were distracting for me at first. After I really got going, the sounds faded away causing me to lose overcompensate of time I spent on the letter itself.To me, it seems solitude and writing go hand in hand. The silence and lack of distraction allowed me to write freely and without interruption. Since this was a personal letter and it was something I was comfortable writing, I embraced the alone time. However, I can see that if I were writing about something that was not of touch to me, it would be hard to do alone.

Euro Ap Ch. 22 Study Guide

Euro Ch. 22 Study Guide Italian Unification * Victor Emmanuel II (VERDI) branch King of United Italy, King of Italia * Cavour Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia from 1852 until his death, had a realpolitikers vision, promoted economic development, to unify Italy he had to confront Austria so he got help from nap who feared growth of Piedmont and gave them Lombardy but not Venetia to Piedmont and left the rest of Italy disunited, helped achieve a strong economy, modern army, liberal political climate provoked Austria to invade Union Italy Garribaldi a committed republican, dedicated guerilla fighter, set sail from Genoa with a thousand red shirted volunteers to liberate Sicily, where peasants were rebelling against their landlords and the corrupt gov. in anticipation of Risorgimento. Victors victorious forces and Garilbaldis met in Naples. Garibaldi threw his support to the king. In 1861 the kingdom of Italy had Victor as their head.Originally wanted to liberate sicily * Piedmont S ardinia * Role of Napoleon * France promises to help aside Italy with the war against Austria, but switches sids in the middle and makes a treaty with Austria * gave Lombardy to Piedmont, but not Venetia, took Rome for France * left Italy disunited * Role of Francis Joseph Austrian emperor butterfly who signed peace treaty with Napolean 2nd French Empire Napoleon III called himself A man of Destiny, modernizer, promoted strong economy -conservative control with antiauthoritarian reforms -wanted to economically modernize and reform France -disrupted the concert of Europe by establishing French domination * Italian Unification napoleon pitted France against Austria * Crimean War started with conflict amidst Russian and Ottoman empires. Russia had been expanding into Asia and the Middle East.Tsar Nicholas I wanted to absorb much of the Ottoman Empire so Napoleon encouraged him to be much aggressive in his expansion which provoked a war between Ottomans and Russians. Brits started to support Ottomans and so did french. Nicholas died and his son Alexander II took over and asked for peace. * Maximillian & Mexico was the brother of Habsburg emperor Francis Joseph, installed as ruler of Mexico by napoleon but Mexico revolted and executed him * Collapse after Franco Prussian War end of 2nd empire Policies- free-trade agreement with Britain, indorse the establishment of innovative investment banks, (late 1850s) allowed working class organizations to form, introduced democratic features into his governing methods Crimean War * Russia vs Turkey, Britain, France * Good weapons, bad tactics * Florence Nightingale British women who read astir(predicate) how Britain wasnt taking care of their soldiers and so she decides to help * Efforts to reform Russia * End to serfdom * Mir communities prevent reform German Unification Wilhelm I king of Prussia who ordained Bismarck as prime minister in hopes that he would quash the growing power of the liberals in the Prussian pa rliament * Otto Van Bismarck, the Iron prime minister * Vs. Liberalism * Vs. Denmark 1864 * Vs. Austria 1866, tricked Austria into declaring war on Prussia which Austria lost * Schleswig & Holstein * Austrias Dual Monarchy Hungarians could rule over themselves too * Vs. France 1870 * Kulturekampf culture war against religion by Birmarck. German gov. xpelled the Jesuits from Germany in 1872, increase state power over the clergy in Prussia in 1873, introduced obligatory civil marriage in 1875 * Working Class Suffrage upper class votes counted more(prenominal) than those from lower * Iron & Blood Progress * Haussmanization process of urban change, rebuilding of Paris, clean (water, neighborhood), wider pathways * Pasteur came up with germ theory, suggested that certain organisms like bacteria and parasites might be responsible for human and animal diseases * Lister Education Reform middle classes argued that civil service jobs should be awarded according to talent and skill rather th an automatically go to those of aristocratic birth or political connections. In Britain a civil service law passed in 1870 requiring competitive examinations to assure competency in government posts * Darwin nature is a constant struggle for survival (natural selection), human development came about through evolution * Religious conflicts Herbert Spencer & social Darwinism Imperialism * Indian riot * Government of India Act established direct Britain control over india * Suez Canal connects Mediterranean sea to Red sea, shortcut to asia * Panama Canal Scandal * Taiping rising * Meiji restoration Japans attempts to modernize itself Intellectual Movements * Bakunin & Anarchism anarchism maintained that the existence of the state was the root of social injustice.According to Bakunin, the slightest infringement on freedom, especially by the central state and its law, was unacceptable * Realism in the arts & Literature rejection of emotionalism & romanticism * Positivism theory claimi ng that careful study of facts would generate finished and useful laws of society * The Rise of Marxism opposed both mutualism and anarchism * Das Kapital adopted the liberal idea that human existence was defined by the prerequisite to work to fulfill basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter. * The Commune of Paris

History of Jute Industries

Chapter 1 Introduction 1. Introduction Jute is a natural graphic symbol with golden and silky shine and is known well as The Golden lineament. It is the cheapest vegetable part procured from the skin of the plants stem. Jute is the second somewhat important vegetable reference after cotshort ton, in hurt of usage, globose consumption, fruit, and availability. It has high tensile strength, low-spirited extensibility, and ensures better breath ability of fabrics. Jute fiber is wizard hundred% bio-degradable and recyclable and thus environmentally friendly.It is one of the most versatile natural fibers that have been utilise in crude(a) materials for packaging, textiles, non-textile, construction, and agricultural sphere of influences. It helps to make best quality industrial narrative, fabric, utmost, and sacks. Jute, the golden fiber, is the raw material for one ofBangladeshs oldest industries. The kickoff jute mill started product in Bengal in 1856. by and by mo re than 150 long time the jute intentness is now challenged by competition from alternative materials, by the recession in the outside(a) trades and by low sensation among consumers of the versatile, eco-friendly nature of jute fabric itself.Yet this industry still set ups a documentation to more than 250,000 mill workers and more than 4 billion farmers families. It is a golden bond with the Earth its employ is a statement about ecological aw atomic number 18ness as it is a fully bio-degradable and eco-friendly fiber. It comes from the earth, it helps the earth and once its life is done it merges back into the earth. Advantages of jute include good insulating and antistatic properties, as well as having low thermic conductivity and moderate moisture regain.It includes acoustic insulating properties and manufacture with no skin irritations. Jute has the ability to be blended with early(a) fibers, both synthetic and natural, and accepts cellulosic dye classes such(prenominal ) as natural, basic, vat, sulfur, reactive, and pigment dyes. While jute is being replaced by relatively cheap synthetic materials in many uses, butjutes biodegradable nature is able for the storage of food materials, where synthetics would be unsuitable. 1. Report Background One of the unavoidable aspects of modern business studies is exposure to the practical experiences.As a part of the BBA program requirement, I was assigned by my honorable course instructor Prof. Dr. Nargis Akhter to prepargon a Project Work on The History of Jute Industries to fulfill the requirement of 3 creed course, Course Code BUS 498. It endowed me with the opportunities to experience the real life exposure to the Jute arenas of Bangladesh. 2. Methodology In order to prepare the project report I use both secondary and primary data. For primary data I talked to some employees of BJMC and BJMA all(prenominal)where phone and face to face.I also crosschecked the information order all over the internet by some people. For secondary data, I used the vast knowl distinctness of internet, the websites of assorted research organizations, different countersign websites and different article found in the internet. 3. Scope & Limitations For this report, I used graphs, chart, tables etc to show necessary information. Firstly, the history of jute industry in the Indian subcontinent has been described elaborately. The history is divided into four separate such as, Ancient Period, Pre-colonial period, post colonial period, after topicization.The outturn, sales, contribution of jute industries in Bangladeshi economy, present condition, labor unrest, industrial relations situations etc. are discussed afterwards. in the long acquit I have sum up by some recommendations and showing my findings and analysis. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2. Literature Review The paper titled Jute Manufacturing sphere of Bangladesh Challenges, Opportunities and Policy Options, written by Khondokar Golam Moazze m, MD. Tariqur Rahman, Abdus Sobhan, is all about issue and sales of jute mill about, prospects of jute mill features and challenges faced by the jute mill around of Bangladesh 1.News published in Financial coiffe forward is about the demand fulfilled by the jute industries, the ill management of jute industries and the present management situation of jute industries in Bangladesh 2. An article published in Business standardised in 31 celestial latitude 2009 written by the will reporter Bhubaneswar which says that Jute industries of India seeks ban on imports of Bangladeshi jute goods for positive success of their own jute goods3. The article says the news about 48 hour strike held in state owned jute mill.The workers called the strike along with the trade union members for their right of bring ind wages and other arrears 4. Information from the website gives a thorough idea about the earlier history of jute industries in Bangladesh 5. The website provides jute related new s about Bangladeshi jute industries. It consists of the news of 2009, 2010, 2011 and 20126. On 18 March 2012, workers threaten to go on strike, a report by Arafat Ara published in Financial express 7. Government targets to double the fruit within 2011-128.While writing on history of jute industries some authentic information were found in the cited website 9. Some valuable information about the history of jute industries in the Indian subcontinent were found in the website of jute industries 10. Jute Dilemma an article by Khalid Rab published in twentieth Anniversary supplement of The Daily Star newspaper on March24, 2011 Thursday that talked about the dissatisfactory performance of the jute sector 11. Chapter 3 Findings 3. 0. History of Jute Industries 3. 1. Jute in Ancient Time (Pre-Colonial Period)Jute has been used since ancient times in Africa and Asia to provide cordage and weaving fiber from the stem and food from the leaves. In several diachronic documents ( Ain-e-Akbari b y Abul Fazal in 1590) during the era of the great Mughal Emperor Akbar (1542 1605) states that the poor villagers of India used to wear clothes made of jute. Simple handlooms and hand spinning wheels were used by the weavers, who used to spin cotton yarns as well. History also states that Indians, especially Bengalis, used ropes and twists made of w tallye jute from ancient times for household and other uses.Chinese papermakers from very ancient times had selected almost all the kinds of plants as hemp, silk, jute, cotton etc. forpapermaking. Qiu Shiyu, detective of the Harbin Academy ofSciences and expert of Jin history, concluded that Jews used to take part in the work of designing jiaozi,made of coarse jute paper. A small, piece of jute paper with Chinese characters written on it has been discovered in Dunhuang in Gansu Province, in northwest China. It is believed it was produced during the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC220 AD). 3. 2. Colonial PeriodThe British einsteinium India Company was the British pudding stone Authority delegated in India from the 17th centimeury to the mid(prenominal)dle of 20th century. The company was the first Jute trader. The company traded mainly in raw jute during the 19th century. During the start of the 20th century, the company started trading raw jute with Dundees Jute assiduity. This company had monopolistic access to this trade during that time. In 1793, the East India Company merchandiseationed the firstconsignment of jute. This first shipment, 100 tons, was followed by additionalshipments at irregular intervals.Eventually, a consignment found its way toDundee, Scotland where the flax spinners were anxious to learn whether jutecould be goed mechanically. During the same period, the Scotlanders were experimenting on whether jute fiber can be mechanically processed. 1830 is the year when the flax machines were used by Dundee spinners for spinning jute yarns. Since Dundee mill was the only supplier of jute, the use o f flax machine ultimately led to augment in production and export of jute products in entire continent. Margaret Donnelly I was a jute mill landowner in Dundee in the 1800s.She set up the first jute mill about in India. The Entrepreneurs of the Dundee Jute Industry in Scotland were called The Jute Barons. Starting in the 1830s,the Dundeespinners learned how to spin jute yarn by modifying their power- operate flaxmachinery. The rise of the jute industry in Dundee saw a corresponding increase in theproduction and export of raw jute from the Indian sub-continent which wasthe sole supplier of this primary commodity. The major jute developing areas were mainly in Bengal at the Kolkata side. Calcutta (now Kolkata) had theraw material close by as the jute growing areas were mainly in Bengal.Therewas an abundant supply of labor, ample coal for power, and the city was ideally determined for shipping to humans markets. The first jute mill was established atRishra, on the River Hooghly ne ar Calcutta in 1855 when Mr. George Auclandbrought jute spinning machinery from Dundee. Four years later, the first power grindn weaving factory was set up. Although Bengal, particularly Eastern Bengal, was the main producer of quality raw jute, the first jute mill was established at Risraw near calcutta on the bank of the hughli only in 1855, after 20 years of mechanical spinning of jute in Dundee.The delay was due(p) to the non-availability of technical hands and power to drive machines. In 1854, coal mines were opened at Raniganj. Attracted by the easy availability of power, George Aucland, an Englishman established the first jute mill. But he could non make reasonable profits and left the business. In 1859, the Bornee Company founded the second mill with spinning and weaving facilities. Unlike the Aucland mill, it started prospering after its establishment. Figure 1 Dundee Jute Mill in Scotland. The Entrepreneurs of the DundeeJute Industry in Scotland were called The Jute Bar ons. Figure 2 Dundee Jute Mill in Scotland. In 1833, Jute fibre was spun mechanically in Dundee, Scotland. Within five years it doubled its plant size. By 1866, terzetto new move were established. Between 1868 and 1873, these move made large profits. Five new companies started in 1874 and eight more in 1875. Thus Bengal go done a real boom in jute industry towards the end of the nineteenth century. With the establishment of jute mill, Bengal became a major exporter of arc bags.Calcutta appeared to be a strong adversary of Dundee and successfully penetrated into Dundees capital of New Zealand market in many parts of the introduction, including America, primarily because Calcutta had the cost advantage in producing jute goods. Secondly, it was situated in close proximity to the jute growing districts of Eastern Bengal and Assam. Thirdly, it had cheap labour. Fourthly, the mills ran for 15 to 16 hours, and sometimes even for 22 hours daily. This led to a clear advantage of Cal cutta manufacturers in monetary terms. Moreover, they could put up a finer quality of jute.In sixty years between 1880 and 1940, the number of mills increased by 5 times, that of looms by about 14 times, of spindles by 19 times, and of persons employed by 11 times. The appendage of the industry was significant during the 20 years between 1900 and 1920. During the Great Depression of 1929-33, the jute industry was severely hit since the demand for jute goods dec borderd drastically throughout the world. In the following three decades, the jute industry in India enjoyed even moreremarkable expansion, rising to commanding leadership by 1939 with a summarize of68,377 looms, revolve aboutd mainly on the River Hooghly near Calcutta.Thesemills a lonely(prenominal) have proved able to supply the world demand. Several historical events were responsible for the growth of the jute industry. In 1838, the Dutch brass specified bags made of jute instead of flax for carrying coffee from the E ast Indies. At that time flax was imported from Russia. But the Crimean war of 1854-56 led to the stoppage of supply of flax from Russia and forced Dundee, the famous jute manufacturing centre of UK, to note for substitutes.In Dundee the flax mills were reborn into jute mills. The American Civil War (1861-65), on the other hand, gave save impetus to the jute trade, as supplies of American cotton were much restricted. Since then, the industry did not return to flax or cotton again. The main reason for this permanent shift had been its comparative degree cost advantage. The jute industry grew fastly and jute mills were established in many countries, including USA, Germany, France, Belgium, Austria, Italy, Holland, Spain, Russia, Brazil and Bengal.This led to a rapid increase in the demand for jute. The Bengali peasants responded quickly to chance the world demand by increasing the area down the stairs jute finale. The out hand of the First human War led to a rapid increase in the demand for raw jute, since it was used to manufacture sandbags to protect soldiers in trenches and to produce gunny bags for carrying food grain for the army. Inevitably, the price of jute also rose sharply. get across 1 Growth of jute industry in Bengal, 1879-1939 Year mill about Looms Spindles Employment 1879-80 22 5,000 71,000 27,000 1900-01 36 16,100 331,400 114,800 1920-21 77 41,600 869,900 288,400 1938-39 110 69,000 13,70,000 299,000 Before it was put to industrial use, jute was used mostly for domestic purposes. With the conversion of the Dundee flax mills into jute processing mills, the demand for jute increased manifold in the world. Bengali peasants were highly experienced in jute civilisation and could respond quickly to meeting this increased demand. In 1872, when industrial use of jute had begun, it was mainly grown in the districts of pabna, bogra, darjeeling, dinajpur, rangpur and Hughli (West Bengal). The ratio of land beneath jute cultivation to total c ropped land in these districts in 1872 was 14%, 11%, 9%, 7%, 6% and 5% respectively.Subsequently, jute cultivation spread to other districts. In 1914, pencil lead districts in terms of the above ratio were Rangpur (28%,) Bogra (25%), Tippera (comilla, 24%), Pabna (21%), Dhaka (18%), Faridpur (16%), Hughli (West Bengal, 13%), Rajshahi (11%), Jessore (10%), Nadia (10%), and Dinajpur (7%). After the end of the First World War in 1918, the world demand for raw jute decreased. This had a negative impact on the area under jute cultivation. The situation worsened for jute cultivation during the Great Depression of 1929-33. The prices sank so low that jute growing became unprofitable.As a result, peasants greatly slim down their area under jute cultivation. By 1939, economic recovery took place. The breaking out of the Second World War caused an increase in the demand for jute and between 1939 and 1945 peasants put more areas under jute cultivation. The earliest goods woven of jute in Du ndee were coarse baggingmaterials. Withlonger experience, however, finer fabrics called burlap, or hessian as it isknown in India, were produced. This superior cloth met a ready sale and,eventually, the Indian Jute Mills began to turn out these fabrics.The natural advantage these mills enjoyed soon gave Calcutta world leadership in burlap and bagging materials and the mills in Dundee and other countries turnedto specialties, a great variety of which were developed. 3. 3. Post-Colonial Period After the fall of British Empire in India during 1947, it was found that all jute mills of the region degenerate in West Bengal, which became a part of India and all major jute growing districts became part of East Bengal, a province of Pakistan. Because it had no jute mills, East Bengal faced problems in marketing of raw jute.The problem was, however, quickly overcome by establishing jute mills in East Bengal. During that time, most of the JuteBarons started to evacuate India, leaving behind t he industrial setup of the Jute Industry. Most of the jute mills in India were taken over by the Marwaris businessmen. In East Pakistan after partition in 1947 lacked a Jute Industry buthad the finest jute fiber stock. As the tension started to rise between Pakistan and India, the Pakistani entangle the need to setup their own Jute Industry.Several groups of Pakistani families (mainly from West Pakistan) came into the jute business by setting up several jute mills inNarayanganj of then East Pakistan, the most significant ones are Bawanis, Adamjees,Ispahanis and Dauds. 3. 4. After Nationalization After the liberation of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971,most of the Pakistani owned Jute Mills were taken over by the organisation of Bangladesh. Pakistani mill owners (about 68% of the total loom strength) left the artless, leaving the industry in disarray. Abandoned jute mills were subject to heavy looting.The new government of Bangladesh had to take up the responsibility of rebuilding the industry. By a nationalization order, about 85% of industries, including all jute mills, were nationalized. Later, to control these Jute mils in Bangladesh, the government built up Bangladesh Jute Mills sight (BJMC). Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation (BJMC) was formed to manage and look after all the 73 jute mills having 23,836 looms at that time. At one coiffure the number of jute mills under the jurisdiction of BJMC went up to 78. BJMC had to resurrect the industry from a ruined position.Immediately after liberation, it became very difficult to solve problem of pecuniary hardship of the jute industry because financial institutions were not working well. Frequent power failures and power stoppages also compelled the industry to suffer heavy losings in terms of production and foreign exchange earnings. In addition to these problems, the short supply of spares, labor unrest, wastage in production etc. also shook the industry severely. For jute industry of Bangladesh, the firs t two years after liberation was the period of reorganization.The government offered cash subsidy to the industry, which amounted to Tk 200 million annually. The annual cash subsidy was reduced to 100 million since 1976-77. Thanks to this policy and periodic devaluation of currency, Bangladesh could retain its position of a prime exporter of jute goods in the dollar areas of export. The industry earned profit in 1979-80, when the subsidy was withdrawn. By December 1979, BJMC had 77 jute mills, two carpet backing mills, and two spare parts producing units. In 1980, six twine mills were disinvested to the surreptitious sector.In June 1981, BJMC had 74 mills under its administration. These mills had about 165,000 workers and 27,000 managerial and office staff. 3. 5. Denationalization Denationalization of jute mills started in July 1982. The government ordered BJMC to complete the process by 16 December 1982, but only 10 mills could be handed over to Bangladeshi owners by that time. T he valuation process and dependency of other organizational matters relating to handing over of the mills took a long time.Among the jute mills owned by BJMC, 46 had satisfactory financial performance in 1982-83, when their profit before contribution to national exchequer was about Tk 240 million. The same mills incurred total losses of about Tk 430 million in the previous year. Jute mills incurred losses regularly over years and external donor agencies pressed hard for denationalization. More and more mills were put into the denationalization list. In 1999, BJMC had 33 mills. The World Bank continued to work closely with the government to restructure the jute sector, especially through denationalization, merger, dissolution, closure and setting up of new units.By 1998, BJMC had an accumulated loss of more than Tk 28 billion and a debt of more than Tk 11 billion. Losses incurred by BJMC in 1997-98 were Tk 2. 38 billion. Major features of the BJMC mills in that year were total produ ction capacity 451,707 tons looms in operation 12,350 loom hours 59. 3 million production per loom hour 5. 33 kg baled production 312,000 tons consumption of raw jute 319,306 tons local sales 29,000 tons export 256,000 tons value of total sales (including export bonus) Tk 8. billion production cost per ton Tk 30,349 wages paid to workers Tk 3. 89 billion and salary paid to employees and executives Tk 881 million. 3. 6. Performance of private sector The performance of the private sector jute industry is also not encouraging. privatization itself has been a very problematic and slow process. Resistance from workers/employees of the mills and lengthy formalities forced the process to be slow. In 1998, out of forty jute mills in the private sector, three were closed and two laid off. The private sector jute mills run on a very low profile.Up to December 1999, the private sector jute mills have accumulated losses of more than Tk 12 billion. The jute spinning mills in Banglades h export closely 100% of their production. In 1998, there were 41 spinning mills, which had an annual production capacity of about 195,000 tons. Products of these mills are yarn and twine, which are used the world over, for carpet weaving, skirt covering, jute webbing, fabrics for shopping bags, caps, handicrafts, canvas, decorative fabrics, laminated cloth, and safety fuse for explosives.These mills employ about 25,000 people and the employers have their own trade body named Bangladesh Jute Spinners Association. 3. 7. An overall trend of production and sales 3. 7. 1. Trend of production drudgery trend of the jute manufacturing sector can be broadly categorized into four periods first strain (1950-1970) second phase (1972-1981) third phase (1982-1990) and fourth phase (1991-onward) (Figure 1). During these four phases, jute manufacturing sector had experienced various changes in policies, and also in the pattern of utilization of jute and jute goods.In the pre independence perio d, jute mills were owned by a small number of private entrepreneurs. During this phase, average hessian production was 155,586 metric ton (MT) per year, of which 87 per cent was exported the comparable figures for sacking were 267,614 MT and 78 per cent respectively. Production reached its peak in 1969, with an output of 5. 74 lakh MT. Due to political instability and damages caused during the year of hammock in 1971, operations of jute mills were interrupted. Consequently, production declined in 1971 and 1972. Thereafter, production started to increase.In the second phase (1972-1981), government decided to nationalize the jute manufacturing sector, and took control of all the private sector jute mills. During the 1970s, average direct of production of hessian was about 165,000 MT, of which 94 percent was exported, while comparable figures for sacking were 225,460 MT and 86 percent respectively. Growth in the production of jute goods between 1960 and 1980 can be attributed to the growth in production of hessian, sacking and carpet backing cloth (complete blood count) products. Figure 3 Production of different kinds of jute goods, 1960-2006 (Source BJMC, BJMA and BJSA)Table 2 Periodic trend of jute goods production Period Hessian Sacking CBC Yarn/Twine Up to 1970 155,586 267,614 23,929 0 (86. 9) (78. 2) (96. 7) (0. 0) 1972-80 165,033 225,458 63,578 1,953 (93. ) (86. 3) (95. 5) (73. 3) 1981-91 219,048 270,556 80,415 61,090 (94. 8) (83. 7) (97. 0) (69. 1) 1992-05 87,968 96,839 39,777 163,830 (99. 5) (71. 7) (89. 7) (90. ) Production of yarn/twine accounted for a small dowery of total production during the 1970s. During the 1980s (third phase), the then government decided to denationalize a number of jute mills in line with the initiative of economic liberalization. A mixed trend is observed in the production of jute goods during this phase, which reached its peak in 1990 with a production of 5. 96 lakh MT. Production of yarn gradually increased i n the 1980s. Most importantly, production of hessian and sacking- two major traditional products gradually declined, especially since the late 1980s. Production of CBC declined as well.In the fourth phase (1990-onward), following the suggestions of the World Bank, government started to denationalize a number of other public sector jute mills which resulted in the resolution of many jute mills as well. However, production of jute goods has not picked up even after adoption of various policy measures. Indeed, production of traditional products such as hessian, sacking and CBC has continued to decline with the exception of growth in the production of yarn and twine. Yarn/twine now accounts for the major portion of jute goods and over time, its production has also been on a steady rise.During 2006, Bangladeshs share in the global production of jute goods was approximately 18 per cent. 3. 7. 2. Trend of Sales twain public and private sector jute mills sell their products in either the domestic market or the international market. Although overseas export comprised major share of Bangladeshs jute goods production, domestic sale has been posting a rise, which now accounts for 38 per cent of the total production. Bangladesh is the leading exporter of jute goods in the world and her share in the global market is gradually increasing- which accounted for 60 percent of the global exports in 2006.If export of raw jute is taken into account, total export would reach more than 75 per cent. correspond to Bangladesh Jute Association (BJA), Bangladesh exports about 25 lakh bales of jute goods which accounted for about 56 per cent of the total raw jute grown in the democracy. It is worth noting here that Bangladesh and India currently meet more than 90 per cent of the global export demand for jute and jute goods to compare, this share was 79 per cent in 1970. pic Figure 4 Sales in home(prenominal) and International market (%) 3. 8. Contribution in Economy The contribution o f jute sector to economy of Bangladesh is enormous.Bangladesh holds the 2nd position as a Jute producer in the world with the average production of Jute 1. 08 m ton/Year. More than 85% of world production of Jute is cultivated in the Ganges Delta & having the major portion of it Bangladesh became the largest producer of black Jute or Jute Fiber in the world. For centuries, Bangladeshi Jute had and still has demand in the international market for higher quality fibers. This fact makes Bangladesh the major exporter (80% + market share) of Jute Fiber in the world while India has nominal dominance over export of Raw Jute Fiber.Total average export earnings from jute and jute goods are US$ 611 million (60 lakh bales)/Year. Average export value of raw jute is US$ 140 million and the numbers of factories are 187. Earnings from jute and jute product exports hit the billion dollars mark for the first time in the countrys history in 2010. Jute sector is contributing 4. 68 percent in export e arning last fiscal year and two per cent increase during 2009-10. This sector has been generating employment to a large segment of total population of the country, directly and indirectly over the years. Bangladesh produces 5. -6. 0 million (55-60 lakh) bales of raw jute every year of which some 3. 2 million (32 lakh) bales are used in the lively 148 jute mills. The country exports 2. 4 million (24 lakh). The total demand for jute goods in the international market is 0. 75 million (7. 50 lakh) tons. Bangladesh exports 0. 46 million (4. 60 lakh) tons of jute goods while India enjoys a share of 0. 285 million (2. 85 lakh) tons in the international market. Dhaka controls 62 per cent share of the total jute goods market of the world and earn Taka 20. 125 billion (2012. 5 crore) by exporting jute goods.Bangladesh is the lone exporter of raw jute. In the year 2006, the country exported 2. 4 million (24 lakh) bales of raw jute valued at Taka 9. 77 million (977 crore). In total Bangladesh fetched Taka 29. 395 billion (2939. 5 crore) by exporting raw jute and jute goods. There are 50 private jute spinning mills producing jute yarn/twine under Bangladesh Jute Spinners Association (BJSA). The mills under jute spinning sector produce 0. 29 million (2. 90 lakh) tons of jute yarn/twine and export 0. 261 million (2. 61 lakh) m. tons of quality yarn/twine consuming 1. 9 illion (19 lakh) bales of high quality raw jute and earn foreign exchange worth Taka 12 million (1200 crore) per annum. 3. 9. Present Situations It has been recognized that Jute and confederative fibers occupy a unique position as eco-friendly, bio degradable, renewable natural fiber. We should also understand that Jute sector of Bangladesh has made and continues to make significant contribution to the national economy. Apart from its versatile use from domestic area to industry, it protects environment from different ways. All the export earnings from the Jute Industry vis-a-vis Jute sector are net foreign c urrency earnings.Domestic value additions are exceptionally high. So, a viable Jute Industry would be an ideal type of activity for the economic development of the country. We should eternally consider that Jute Industry is indigenous one. Jute, of the best quality in the world, is available in Bangladesh. It is one of the few natural re extensions that the country has and it has provided Bangladesh with a comparative edge in the world trade in jute goods. But, over the past decade, the jute industry has suffered more downs than ups for no fault of its own.It has been allowed to suffer gradual decline mainly due to lack of appropriate policy actions. Jute industry in Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) was established as export oriented industry with the aim of rapid industrialization. It became the major source of foreign currency earnings. The industry was made viable and kept expanding with the Govt. financial assistance on export of jute goods through bonus voucher. After libe ration of the country in 1971 and nationalization of the Industry in 1972, such financial assistance to Jute Industry was withdrawn and the Industry started incurring losses.On the other hand, the newly established BJMC had to concentrate mainly on rehabilitation of the war torn Jute Industry and expand the world export market share which was taken by the competitors during war of liberation. At the initial stage Bangladesh Jute Industry i. e. BJMC had to face serious problems to recover the lost market. By the untiring efforts to improve the management, production and export, the Industry i. e. BJMC started achieving positive results from 1973-74 with the production of viosterol grounds tons and export of 445 cubic yard tons from 320 metre tons and 225 honey oil tons respectively of 1971-72.With help of pie chart the result can be shown in the following. pic Figure 5 Bangladesh Export in Major Products during 1972-73 In 1977-78 BJMC could achieve an export of 531 thousand tons , mainly traditional products (hession, sacking & CBC) against the previous highest export of 506 thousand tons in 1969-70. In 1980-81 Jute Industry could achieve highest production of 590 thousand tons exceeding the production of 1969-70. In 1981-82, the Jute Industry again could break the export record of 1969-70, exporting around 537 thousand tons against production of 586 thousand tons.Large scale denationalization started in 1982-83. But, private sector jute mills could not perform the way it was expected for many reasons. As a result, performance of the overall Jute industry started deteriorating gradually from 570 thousand tons (production) and 514 thousand tons (export) in 1982-83 to 286 thousand tons (production) and 192 thousand tons (export) in 2003-04. It is seen in the figure below more clearly. pic Figure 6 Bangladesh Export in Major Products during 1993-94 During eighties the new jute yarn/twine mills came into the picture and expanded gradually.It could increase expo rt of yarn/twine from 28 thousand tons in 1983-84 to around 380 thousand tons in 2009-10. The gradual increase in the production and export of yarn/twine could help increase of overall export of Jute products to nearly 600 thousand tons with the share of only around 200 thousand tons of traditional products i. e. Hessian, sacking & CBC. It may be seen from the figures given below that production and export of BJMC and BJMA mills (mainly traditional products) recorded gradual decline over the years. Table 3 Productions and Export of BJMA and BJMC Mills Year Production Export 1981-82 587 thousand tons 537 thousand tons 1991-92 416 thousand tons 408 thousand tons 2001-02 321 thousand tons 257 thousand tons 2009-10 302 thousand tons 219thousand tons fleck in current financial year is also not encouraging in BJMC & BJMA mills as may be seen from the table (6months/ July-Dec10) below. Table 4 Production and Export of BJMC & BJMA Mills during July-Dec10 Types of Mills Production Expo rt BJMC 78 thousand tons 56 thousand tons BJMA 60 thousand tons 37 thousand tons Total 138 thousand tons 93 thousand tons However, the production and export of yarn/twine mills mainly under BJSA (Bangladesh Jute Spinners Association) recorded increase gradually from 50 thousand tons and 28 thousand tons in 1983-84 to 399 thousand tons and 380 thousand tons in 2009-10 respectively. It may be maintained during this financial year also on the basis of its production and export of 227 thousand tons and 193 thousand tons of July-Dec10.Table given below on the comparative position in production of traditional products reveal that while Bangladesh jute industry is sinking, Indian jute industry is booming. Table 5 Comparative Position of Bangladesh & India in Production of Traditional Products Years Bangladesh India 1999-2000 3. 10 lac tons 12. 45 lac tons 2005-2006 2. 43 lac tons 13. 42 lac tons 2009-2010 2. 54 lac tons 14. 50 lac tons The present govt. has taken some positive step s to revitalize the Jute Industry, particularly BJMC mills. But, piece meal action exit not serve the purpose because, production and export of traditional products, both in BJMC and BJMA (private) mills recorded gradual decline to a frustrating level over the years. A recently-created demand for jute sacks in Thailand has come as a boon for the jute industry in Bangladesh, raising hopes for a recovery in exports that fell 13 percent during July-February of the current fiscal year. Also, India has recently increased import of jute and jute goods after its currency started to gain against the US dollar.According to MD Shamsul Haque, director (marketing) of state-owned Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation that has 21 jute mills running, Exports of jute goods to our traditional middle-eastern and African markets have fallen amid political unrest in Libya, Syria, Iraq and other countries. But our exports increased in the last three months as we got some new markets, Thailand have emerged as a new market for our jute sacks along with Vietnam. The market in Thailand has widened after the current Thai-government started buying a huge quantity of rice in jute sacks to fulfill its pledge of providing a guaranteed price to farmers. Bangladesh has received orders for supplying two crore (20 million) pieces of jute sacks from millers in Thailand. Thailand has opened up a new opportunity for Bangladesh. It has come as a blessing as Bangladeshs stocks were piling up due to a fall in exports.Private jute mills testament also be benefited due to the decision of Thailand, which is the largest exporter of rice and forecasts to produce 30 million tons of rice in 2011-12. Thailand needs three million pieces of bags a month to package rice which means around 36 million pieces of sacks will be required a year. According to Mahmudul Haque, managing director of Janata Jute Mills Ltd, Demand for jute sacks is high in Thailand. He said, as his mill alone could not meet the orders, he tied up with two other mills. Janata ships 3. 2 lakh pieces of jute sacks a month to Thailand, he said. Exporters said the increased demand and higher prices of jute goods will allow them to narrow down the losses in export receipts in the first half of the year.But it may not be possible to offset the past fall and post a positive growth in exports by the end of the fiscal year on June 30, 2012. Export receipts from the jute industry- the second biggest export earner- fell 13. 66 percent to $615 million in the July-February period of the current fiscal year, from $712 million during the same period last year, according to Export Promotion Bureau. In the following figure, workers carry bundles of jute sacks at a factory in Bogra as, Thailand and Vietnam have emerged as new markets for jute sacks. pic Figure 6 Workers carry bundles of jute sacks at a factory in Bogra (source STAR magazine, March 27, 2012).Total figures are not available readily, it reveals from some of the available figures that export of BJMC in the major importing regions e. g. Australia, America, Middle East, Europe, Africa recorded sharp decline in recent years mainly because of decline in production and absence of effective marketing efforts. Present situation of the industry calls for immediate measures/actions in the following areas ? The new challenges and opportunities presented by the changing global environment of integration in the development of natural fibers ? Modernize the jute industry to improve efficiency in production and processing to reduce cost and enhance product quality.With the rise of inescapable competition facing our jute sector, in the international field it should be our endeavor to facilitate upgrading the skills of the Workers, Supervisors and Managerial staff who are employed in the Jute Industry. ? Involve and ensure the active co-operation and partnership of Corporation, Financial Institutions, Energy supplying Agencies and Entrepreneurs in the fulfillment of these objectives. ? Power shortage should be reduced either by power supplying agencies or by setting up generators (gas or diesel) in such mills where it is required. ? The efforts need to be put with all earnestness to bring the efficiency level to at least 80%. ? So far management at the mill level is concerned it should be linked to productivity and efficiency. Enable the jute industry to build world class state-of-the-art manufacturing capabilities in conformity with environmental standards, and for this purpose, to encourage immaterial Direct Investment as well as research and development in the sector. ? Aggressive marketing measures need to be undertaken internationally. Markets like Africa and Middle East should be given top priority to recover the lost market. 3. 10. Major drawbacks Major problems of the jute mills are as follows Increase in the cost of production while the sales prices of jute goods remain at the same level or even decline Accumulation of huge losses and consequently, of huge debts Decline in exports of jute goods Electricity failures Excessive wastage Labor unrest Poor management that affects productivity and frequent changes in government policies High cost of jute goods compared to synthetics led jute goods users to turn to synthetics. last Remarks Before the independence, the country had six jute yarn mills. However, this sector had flourished during the 80s as the industry experienced a setback in the developed countries during the same period. The entrepreneurs of the country bought these second-hand jute mills machineries with a very low investment and started setting up these jute spinning mills. Two types of opinion exist in Bangladesh over the management of existing mills under BJMC. One group is in favor of privatization of the xisting state owned jute mills, where another group advocates reorganization/restructuring of BJMC mills. The mills under Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation are exporting 0. 128 million (1 . 28 lakh) m. tons of jute goods i. e. Hessian, Sacking and CBC. Mismanagement, corruption, inefficiency and lack of skilled manpower have gripped the BJMC mills. The mills should be run professionally to remain emulous in the open market but that are not practiced in case of BJMC, which is causing hundreds of millions of taka losses to the national exchequer. Time has come to put pragmatic/realistic thought on the jute sector to revive this promising sector. The government should devise plans to bring back the glory of the golden fibre.The demand for environmental friendly jute products are on the rise in the global market and Bangladesh should tap this opportunity by implementing some short-, mid- and long-term plans to rejuvenate the ailing jute sector of Bangladesh. At present it is useless to be nostalgic about old prime era of our jute industry. Now we must formulate a pragmatic short, mid and long-term plan keeping in mind about future needs of jute goods demand. Instead of remembering past mistakes, we must take lessons out of that and look forward with practical solutions which will bring back viability to our ailing Jute sector. This should be our only prime object. Recommendations Some recommendations are prescribed below to be considered by the government in the greater interest of the jute sector To revive the glory of the jute industry, a high-powered committee should be constituted comprising the Finance Secretary under the direction of the Chief Adviser. The government should implement some short-, mid- and long-term proposals in a bid to revive the jute sector. The exiting jute mills of the Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation should be converted into public limited companies keeping some shares in the hands of the government like that of the Bangladesh Biman. The government may create a Regulatory Board to run its existing corporations professionally and efficiently. The Regulatory Body will monitor every unit of the corporation and ensure t heir accountability. The government should arrange a special fund to come on its existing jute mills to purchase necessary spares for machineries. Under this package the government will provide 50 per cent of the total credit as grants and banks will give rest 50 percent on a long-term credit to jute mills. Irregular power supply is adversely affecting production of existing jute mills by cutting their competitiveness. The government may ask donor agencies like the World Bank (WB) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to arrange a special fund to provide long term loans at 3. 00 per cent interest to the existing jute mills to help them to procure stand-by generators. The use of stand by generators by the jute mills will help to save electricity at our national grid. Government is giving 7. 5 per cent cash incentives on jute goods exports. To expand the market and increase competitiveness, the rate of cash incentives should be raised to 15 per cent from present rate. The government should enact a law making mandatory or compulsory to use of jute bags for internal consumption in packaging. To meet requirement of local markets, an initiative is necessary to pack sugar, rice and pulse in 5-10 K. G. jute bags. The use of jute goods in the local market is limited. To increase the use, the government should also make law to use compulsory at least 20 per cent of total sugar and cement packaging with jute bags. The jute industries being an agro based and 100% export-oriented industry, the commercial banks are not implementing the Bangladesh Banks order to provide export credit at frown interest rate (7%), commercial banks should provide Export Cash Credit to jute mills which they give to the leather sector. Crisis of quality jute seed is a regular phenomenon in the country every year. The total requirement of jute seeds are 4,000/5,000 tons against government supply of only 400-500 tons. To meet local demand, sub-standard Indian seeds enter the Bangladesh market t hrough imports and smuggling. To improve the situation and ensure quality seeds, the government should set up seed bank to distribute seeds among planters at subsidized rate. Government should also arrange to provide fertilizer at subsidized rate. Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI) should also take appropriate measures to familiarize their new invention retting process among the farmers. Lack of skilled manpower has put the industries in grave situation. To overcome the situation at least a jute college may be arranged to set up at one of the closed BJMC jute mills. To address this situation promptly, government should introduce Diploma Course on jute in the six textile institutes as early as these are under the ministry of textile and jute. The significance of Mongla Port has increased as several hundred industrial units have been set in the southern part of the country recently. The government should initiate necessary steps to expand and develop the Mongla Port. The gov ernment should also take measures to promote and expand international trade of jute products by maintaining existing markets and by developing of new end users. References 1. http//cpd. org. bd/pub_attach/op78. pdf 2. http//www. thefinancialexpress-bd. com/more. php? news_id=14562 3. http//www. business-standard. com/india/news/jute-industry-seeks-banimportsbangladesh/381205 4. http//www. stoppressbd. com/home/news_details/66948 5. http//www. banglapedia. rg/httpdocs/HT/J_0137. HTM 6. http//www. worldjute. com/jute_bangladesh/bangladesh_jute_news. html 7. http//www. thefinancialexpress-bd. com/more. php? news_id=123813&date=2012-03-18 8. www. theindependentbd. com/business/finance/30375-govt-targets-to-double-jute-production-in-2011-12. html 9. http//www. worldjute. com/about_jute/juthist. html 10. www. jute-industry. com/history-of-jute. html 11. http//www. thedailystar. net/suppliments/2011/anniversary/part4/pg7. htm 12. http//www. bangladeshembassyinitaly. com/bangladesh. php 13. http//www. experiencebangladesh. com/bangladesh-business-jute. php 14. http//bangladesheconomy. wordpress. com/ socio-economic class/jute/

How Does Technology Influence the Google Generation

Nowadays, with the advancement of engineering, our current generation, the so-called Google generation, is being influenced in a negative way. So what is the actual center of Google generation? One of the common definitions is that The Google generation is a popular phrase that refers to a generation of young people, born after 1993, growing up in a world dominated by the Internet (Rowlands et al. 292). However, that definition is not definitely precise. Jim Ashling says, eachone is members of the Google generation. All age groups exhibit some Google-generation traits (22).Thus, the Google generation encompasses not exclusively the young, solely also the other generations. Which one creates the Google generation? The answer is technology. Since it is inherent in every area of life, the Google generation is impacted by it, which consists of changing their behaviors, touch on their critical persuasion, swaying their enjoining habit, and making the children digital-age. The interne t is currently considered an integral part of the society. It provides both advantages and disadvantages. For one thing, the information literacy of young people has not been improved with the outfit access to technology (Rowlands et al. 95).Further, Internet research shows that the speed of young peoples web searching means that little time is spent in evaluating information, either for relevance, verity or authority (Rowlands et al. 295). This will make them more work-shy. In addition, young people deem a poor understanding of their information needs and so find it difficult to develop effective search strategies (Rowlands et al. 295). As a result, they exhibit a strong preference for expressing themselves in natural language quite than analyzing which key words might be more effective (Rowlands et al. 295).Moreover, young people have unsophisticated mental maps of what the internet is, often failing to appreciate that it is a collection of networked resources from different providers (Rowlands et al. 296). Consequently, the search engine, Yahoo or Google, becomes the primary brands that they associate with the internet (Rowlands et al. 296). Therefore, their ability of evaluating and searching information will principally wait on the search tools, and their creativity will be restricted. In the other words, it can be considered a type of artificial literacy. When they receive information of a specific topic, they think that they understand it.However, no one recognizes that information is extracted from technology, especially the internet, not from their authentic perceptions. Critical cerebration as an attitude is embedded in Western culture. There is a belief that argument is the way to finding truth, observes Adrian West, research director at the Edward de Bono Foundation U. K. , and a former computer attainment lecturer at the University of Manchester (Greengard 18). Thereby, critical thinking is very crucial in speculating the information. If one loses that ability, he cannot perceive the entity of terminations.Unfortunately, currently rapid development of technology causes their thinking process to be passive. They are not able to think the way which was formerly. In contrast, their present thinking process may be called machinery sense. Greengard states about this issue Although in that respect is little debate that computer technology complements and often enhances the human mind in the quest to store information and process an ever-growing tangle of bits and bytes, in that respect is increasing concern that the same technology is changing the way we approach complex problems and conundrums, and making it more difficult to really think (18).Additionally, the wealth of communications and information can easily overwhelm our reasoning abilities (Greengard 18). Accordingly, Bugeja concludes Without critical thinking, we create trivia (Greengard 19). Seriously, it is time to take a closer and more serious musical note at technology and understand the subtleties of how it affects the thinking process. Whats more, their variant habit is one of technologys considerable victims. According to the National Endowment for the Arts, literary analyseing declined 10 percentage points from 1982 to 2002 and the rate of decline is accelerating (Greengard 18).That is an authentically alarming statistic. Along with a diversity of information on the internet, their reading habit has been lessen drastically. The reason is that previously, people only collected information through books, which are the chief source. They regularly read almost all pages of a book. Notwithstanding, the technology confusion level is accelerating to the point where thinking deeply is difficult (Greengard 18). They are overwhelmed by a constant barrage of devices and tasks, and increasingly suffer from the Google syndrome (Greengard 18).People accept what they read and believe what they see online is fact when it is not (Greengard 1 8). Nicholas Carr, a journalist, told that it used to be easy to immerse himself in a book or a protracted article. Nonetheless, the Net distracted his concentration on reading. He has to struggle against his reading habit that used to come naturally. For more than a decade now, he has been expense most of time online, searching, and surfing on the internet.As a result, the Net seems to chip away his capacity for concentration and contemplation. It is not only Nicholass problem, but is ours as well. The authors of the study report say It is clear that users are not reading online in the traditional sense indeed there are signs that novel forms of reading are emerging as users power browse horizontally through titles, contents pages and abstracts going for quick wins. It almost seems that they go online to avoid reading in the traditional sense. (Carr, par. )Also, he supposes that the Google generation comes to rely on computers to mediate their understanding of the world it is the ir own intelligence that flattens into artificial intelligence (Carr, par. 36). At any rate, they are able to absorb the benefits of reading through the internet and keep the traditional habits because reading is learning and entertaining. The most striking example of the Google generation is the digital-age kids (OBrien, par. 1). wherefore are they called digital-age? OBrien has a 15-year-old son whose study is completely distracted by the technology.She had to keep a deep eye on him whenever he took an exam. She says Every time I crossed the threshold, the scene was the same textbooks remained firmly closed in his bag while the laptop was open on his desk. On the blind was some history/ physics/English document, but also his Facebook and iTunes pages. In his ears were the iPod plugs, playing back a podcast. And sometimes, just to fracture his concentration even further, he might have had a half-played video running on YouTube as well (OBrien, par. 3 and 4). She was irritated to keep his son on concentrating.From her problem, she concludes Hes a digital native youre a digital immigrant (OBrien, par. 6). Digital natives and digital immigrants are terms named by the American futurist, Marc Prensky, to distinguish between those who have grown up with technology and those who have adapted to it (OBrien, par. 7). According to researchers, the children are in the midst of a sea change in the way that they read and think (OBrien, par. 8). They have wonderfully flexible minds. Further, they absorb information quickly, adapt to changes and are adept at culling from multiple sources.But they are also agony from internet-induced attention deficit disorder (OBrien, par. 8). Rose Luckin, Professor of Learner- Centred Design at the London Knowledge Lab and a visiting professor at the University of Sussex, is work on a study examining the internets impact on pupils critical and meta-cognitive skills. The worrying view coming through is that students are lacking in refl ective awareness, she says. technology makes it easy for them to collate information, but not to analyze and understand it (OBrien, par. ). In short, it is time the society should do something to improve the digital-age children. Therefore, the role of parents and get a lineers are constantly regard and highly valued, like Rose Luckin says Because they have been using digital technology all their lives, our children feel they have authority over it.But technology cannot teach them to reflect upon and evaluate the information they are gathering online. For that, the role of teachers and parents remains fundamentally important. (OBrien, par. 2) Even though technology brings many various utilities to the civilization of the society, there are some issues on which are scouted out seriously. The Google generation ought to be aware of how to harness it. Do not let it affect the behavior, the ability of thinking critically, reading habit, and digital-age children. At any events, they sh ould utilize the best benefits of technology to improve the life in a proper way. Keep in mind that technology can be a good servant, but it can be also a bad boss.