Holfstede’s Cultural Constraints Essay Example for Free

Holfstedes Cultural Constraints EssayIn his article Cultural Constraints in Management Theories, G. Holfstede (1993) argues his main point that there is really no cosmopolitan management theory, such that the means to manage organizations greatly vary across countries and finishs. For instance, the judgment of management in the United States is different from, say, Asia or Europe, let alone apply to the two latter regions. A particular management concept or practice may be accepted in America unless it does not mean that it is also accepted in some other part of the world. Holfstede begins by exploring the origins of the concept of management in enculturations in varying times and notes the differences in the management theories. For example, managers are said to be cultural heroes in British and American regions while Germans see the engineer as the one having a heroic role precisely because German presidents and CEOs already have mastered their specialized skills and, hen ce, does not expect for a manager. In Japan, the permanent worker group bears the heroic role and that these workers are controlled not by managers but by their group.French people, on the other hand, do not have the notion of managers as Americans know of them. Rather, French workers think of one another as cadres, cadres being a social fellowship obtained by learning at the proper schools and a social class maintained for a lifetime. another(prenominal) case is that of Holland where the practice of managing people rests on the need for a consensus among all the involved individuals. These practices are open up neither by contractual relationship nor by class distinctions but by an open-ended equilibrize of interests and exchange of views.In essence, Holfstede firmly maintains that the American concept of management theories vary from nation to nation and culture to culture. That being said, no management theory unique to a certain country or culture can perfectly apply to anot her culture and country precisely because of the variations among these cultures and countries. Reference Holfstede, G. (1993). Cultural Constraints in Management Theories. Academy of Management Executive, 7(1) 81-94.

Qatar Airways Steps To Sustainability Environmental Sciences Essay

Qatar Airways go To Sustainability surroundingsal Sciences EssayQatar Airways established in 1993 and started its operation in 20/01/1994. They imbibe been awarded the worlds 5-star airline by SkyTrax. With numerous awards that score been awarded to them, they commit to give the vanquish quality service to passenger both on air and ground. Qatar is one of the fastest growing airlines with more than than 90 groups of aircraft to 100 destinations from Doha.Mission, Vision, refinementThe companys mission, vision and goal Excellence in e very(prenominal)thing we do. To be the worlds leading international carrier in the service industries and hospitality. Their goal is to be one of the worlds top high-ranking airlines in the world.A well written mission, gradually introduce the maven of direction towards the achievement of the companys to the provide and stakeholders. The corporate mission should clearly define the companys strategic aims. The food market bequeath have the inf luences on the corporate mission such as an organization should adapt to both of its congenital and the opportunities and curses in its external characteristics. The mission stated by Qatar Airways which focus on the companys competencies that fork up value for its customers and stakeholders and have competitive emolument to provide synergy across its services or products.Aviation industries are subjected to ill-use the purlieu by the emissions of poisonous fumes such as carbon produced by the evoke to generate the airplane engine. Airplane uses specialized fuel to locomote the plane. It is often contains additives to downplay the hazard conditions to suit weather, temperature (example Snow) and to restrain pressure from explosion.Flight Statistics Based on Year 2009This statistics shows the summary of total aircraft, both commercial and incumbrance carriers. We go forth then find out the approximate amount of carbon emitted from these carriers.Carbon Emissions from tran sport Land, Air, sea (2007-2008)An estimation of 3.4 % of the global liquid consumption is used by commercial aviation. This industry consumes 3.0 million position of jet fuel every day. With the extend of new aircrafts of 21,400 units, fuel consumption give increase drastically, not considering a future fleet of 27, 5720 passenger aircrafts and 4,280 freight aircrafts. It is imperative to use a cleaner fuel to curb down CO2 emissions.GraphGlobal WarmingClimate change is a threat and should not be taken lightly. Businesses may be disrupted, payable to climate change. Organizations should focus on practical threats and risks pertaining to the climate change such as change in weather, fines and taxes from regulatory bodies and the stakeholders opinion will be affect the course flows. Companies should come up with well strategic plan that highlights threats and convert risks into potential business opportunity that will allow them to survive in the coming storm.Bad Weather Ahead Businesses that furnish to tourists faced major challenge and worries when occurrences of bad weather conditions like storms, hailstones could damage the aircraft and very risky to fly the plane. Companys deals with air transport for both commercial and air freight are mostly affected. Their assets are mutually beneficial on the climate they need to find ways to control the risks.Climate of Public OpinionCompanies have to earn public trusts by announcing their intention on diminution the carbon emission that they produce. Companies that announcing publicly to go green will receive attractive dividends as the intensity and level of public interest increase to deal with the climate change. Shareholders need to focus and self-remind about the effects of the climate change will generate an impact to the business through various aspects such as companies business strategies, assets values and investments. In nine to have a long-term approach to manage the effects of the change of cl imate is to have the best representatives that have the extensive knowledge to represent the companies in creating advantages to the business.Greenhouse EffectsExplanations of Stakeholders relating to CSRStakeholdersQATAR Alternative FuelsOryx logotypeQatar uses sustainable biofuels that contains gas to liquids kerosene. Collaborations with Shell, Qatar Petbilletum, Rolls Royce, Qatar Science and technology Park, Airbus and Woqod to provide cleaner fuel to reduce the impact on the earth. First airline implement the fuel efficiency program in 2007. Qatar find ways to minimize their aircraft routines such as efficient flight routes, aircraft weight reduction, various procedures of landing and taking off etc in order to reduce the consumption of fuels and carbons emitted.Qatar will be able to meet the requirements of European Union Emissions profession Scheme which focus on reducing carbon emissions. Qatar aims to provide sustainable place for the future generations.sustainable Aviat ion Users Group on go uping sustainable fuelTo be eligible for membership, group members mustiness subscribe to sustainability criteria that stipulate the followingPlant growth, harvesting, processing, and end-use which emit total lifecycle greenhouse gases should be minimized and controlled significantly as compared to jet fuels based from fossil fuels.Development projects should include providing and improving the socio-economic conditions for small scale farmers who desire on agriculture for survivability of their families and themselves and that do not require the involuntary displacement of local populations.The subjective purlieu such as high conservation value areas and native eco-systems should be maintained and not be cleared and converted for jet fuel plant source development.Video Presentation Aviation Environment Summit, 2010(Click to see Video attached)Paul Steele, Executive Director of the Air Transport Action Group, presents aviation industries towards reducing carbon emissions. This presentation was held at Aviation Environment Summit, 2010, in Geneva, Switzerland. In this video, it states the mission, vision and objectives of the aviation industries in terms of reducing the carbon emissions that the industries produce.There are several analyses that show their forecasts on achieving towards the sustainable fuels. In the 3rd Aviation summit, the presentation shows ways to commit to deal with the climate change. The current presentation on 2010 shows clear layout to reach the targeted goals. In the video it also includes carbon emissions statistics, what the industries targets the next 40 years and etcThe global targets in 2010 to increase 1.5% of fuel efficiency per annum and to grow carbon neutral in 2050, for year 2020, to develop and grow the industries and 2050 the maximum target of 50% reduction of carbon emissions based on 2005.Every role in the aviation industries, are very important and crucial as they should work towards reachi ng the goals in growing the carbon neutral in terms of development technology and sustainable fuels.Reasons to why organizations should go greenOne of the major reasons to why companys going green is to promote responsibility and be a good citizen. This could gain the trusts of the regulatory bodies, communities and other internal and external stakeholders. Companys main business activities that incorporated with the environment will tend to gain by increase in market shares. Caring for the environment will reduce and prevent pollution, focusing on the 3R Reduce, Reuse and Recycle waste materials. By instilling Go Green values in the company, it will help to attract potential customers with similar values which will lead in creating good union relationships and to raise the chances for business to grow. The major challenged that businesses faced in this twenty-first century climate constantly change, pollution, depletion of natural resources, poverty and inequality.Environmental Impacts and ValuesEnvironmental ImpactsOrganizations are stress that they should go green and start caring for the earth. They chose to be greener as they truly understand the harm that they caused to the environment. try their very best to stop producing products that could actually harm the environment like cancer-causing substances or pollute the natural habitats of the living things.Environmental ValuesThese groups of Organizations go green as they believed that they should not harm the environment and to nurture the living things as they deserve the every rights to live and grow. The companies might also decide to stop their ware from producing harmful products that might affect their employees, customers and the end users.Government RegulationsGovernment might come up with curb and regulations to stop organizations to further destroy the environment. Companies that go green will have the advantages of avoiding the penalties that might be recruit to those who against the m. Increase in market share and profits could lead them towards a start on developing greener technology that might be fully sponsor or subsidize. Fines or lost in market share might be the result in not macrocosm part of it.Economic Opportunities and Disincentives whatsoever Organizations go green because they wanted to portray a good image for their stakeholders and gain competitive advantage in promoting their new green products. Being green can also avoid the financial issues fines, penalties that impose to the company.Advantage/ DisadvantageThere are several advantages to companies going green. For an example those companies that focus on being green will benefits from the advantages given such as, they may be able to meet the demands of the consumer that are very particular on buying a product that is not harmful to the environment. Companies can gain reputations by being a brand image for producing green products and reduce their liability risks by using environmental friend ly products during the production and be responsible towards the environment in their business practices. Companies will increase their chances for acquire investments from financial institutions if they are one of the companies that are listed under Socially responsible investing. Stakeholders will be more interested in involving themselves in a company that are ethical in running their businesses.Businesses that combine their environmental issues and business activities together tend to gain more market share, save their production be through resource efficiency, prevent pollution, pay lower insurance premiums, and recycle and reuse waste materials. Retaining the staff similar values by having high workplace standards and engendering inscription, maintaining a strong competitive edge, creating good community relations and can develop new business relationships with others that also go green like suppliers, electrical distributor , partnerships.Companies that did not practices environmental issues to their business activities, they might lose out lists of advantages. Companies might lose their stakeholders trust and loyalty ruin their own reputation, degrade the health of their own staff and also substantial amount for the penalties. both(prenominal) the benefits of going green and bring harm to the environment have to observe the rules imposed respectively such as Positive incentives and negatives incentives.Major Challenge to sustainabilityPollutionDepletionPovertyDeveloped EconomiesGreenhouse gasesUse of hepatotoxic materials pollute SitesScarcity of materialsInsufficient reuse and recyclingUrban and minority unemploymentEmerging EconomiesIndustrial EmissionsContaminated Water escape of sewage treatmentOverexploitation of renewable resourcesOveruse of water for irrigation and other purposesMigration to citiesLack of skilled workersIncome inequalitySurvival EconomiesDung and wood burningLack of sanitationEcosystem destruction due to developmentDefore stationOvergrazingSoil lossPopulation growthLow status of women dislocation

Importance of information systems

Importance of discipline systemsAbstractThe following reputation explains the importance of cultivation systems in E- melodic phrase and the limitations of information systems on the E- avocation. The report explicates different information systems used in E- crease. Also the report gives the advantages and limitations of E-business and its resultant computer computer architectures. The discussion in the paper is limited to the information systems architectures, Advantages, Limitations and does not include the strategies in it. (http//www.aeablogs.org/eakd/files/Zachman_s_Original_1987_Paper.pdf)IntroductionAn Information system (IS) is a combine of computing systems used in a organisation and the activities performed on them in order to support the organisation and similarly help in decisiveness making process. In otherwise terms IS is used to collect, process, store, analyze and disseminate information for specific social function (Turban 2008, pg 13). Information systems h ave large role in the implementation of E-business in the past decade. Due to the substitute magnitude complexity in the designs and the level of complexity in the systems (Information Technology) used on Online markets argon forcing E-business to use slightly logical architecture of Information systems in order to make the design, functionality and processes look simpler and ease. Information systems has not nevertheless provided the level of cost-effective solutions but also helped in terms of human work force i.e., combination of Information technology and human involvement reduced the risk of failures in E-business. For example EBay and Amazon ar whatever of the E-business organisations that argon successfully using Information systems in their daily business activities. Information architecture is a physical plan of how the information assets in an organization are arranges which includes the physical designs of the buildings, hardware and other physical assets of the c omp any. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is some other area of study that helps in impact and transfer of selective information and information electronically that is used for information system and also provides the infrastructure for intra- and inter-organisational information systems.(http//www.turningcourse.com/ukais/isdefn.pdf) Below shown is the hear figure of the architecture of an organization.The above figure illustrates the Information infrastructure in an Online Airline Company. The picture also explains how the process in that organization takes in their day to day activities. Whether running an airline or an airport, the responsibility information systems can have a critical impact in the operating costs, operating effectiveness, and client satisfaction. Some of the potential features of Information Systems are Combine resources and collaborate with all(prenominal) other anytime, anywhere.Increase the expertness and effectiveness of people working in a group in several locations.Effective ending-making. pip global market economicly.Information Systems in E-businessIn order to understand E-business, we must first guide the definition of E-commerce. It is nothing but buying and selling of point of intersections and services over electronic networks (Internet). While E-business focuses on the strategies, that gives more importance and to the functionalities that evolve are determined as potential features of the Information systems in E-business. So, E-commerce is a subset of E-business (Wikipedia, E-business). E-business can also be described as integration of business strategies, processes and technologies. Some of the application areas of E-business are Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supply Chain Management (SCM) and military man Resource Management (HRM). The two basic strategies conducted over internet are business to guest (B2C) and business to business (B2B). For an effe ctive and efficient E-business, Information systems are very crucial. Information systems simplifies the business process involved, whether it is the transactions, stopping point making, customer relationships or the managerial issues (http//springerlink.metapress.com/content/ptgfbtkj67d8wwr6/fulltext.pdf?page=1). Information systems are widely used in E-businesses these days.Electronic business is a wide area where IS can be used in umteen processes. IS are used in the transactions, services and strategies in the E-business thus stating them as a backbone for any business process. IS architecture are well understood but the conceptual specification of information systems for business process integration remains an open methodology in terms of managerial perspective. Some of the advantages of E-business are Worldwide Presence One of the biggest advantages of promoting E-business online is its presence in the global market. For example, IBM was one of the initial companies to adapt E-business in the areas of servicing customers and collaborating with different business organization around the globe. Dell on the other hand has an efficient business selling their products all over the globe through telephone and the Internet.Cost Effective market and Promotions Buy being in the global market on the web enables the organizations to reach their customers at familiar prices or even discounted prices as the optic man costs are reduces in this process. Advertising techniques akin pay per click advertising ensure that the advertiser only pays for the advertisements that are actually viewed. Affiliate marketing, is another technique where the consumers are directed to the required business sites and in turn these site owners attain compensations which benefits some(prenominal) the parties. Organizations involved in e-business have to use cost effective online advertising strategies to their advantage.Developing a emulous Strategy By being on the online market, many organizations can analyse their data and develop a strategy to compete with other companies in the market with an effective strategy by using some of the information systems such(prenominal) as ERP.Better Customer Service By using the CRM application has improves the customer service. For example, on visiting a site there is a pop up window that enables chew up window. So the customer can clear any doubts that he has. Also by paying the product cost online the customer may not have to leave their house in order to receive to product.Disadvantages of E-Business Sectoral Limitations One of the major disadvantages of E-business is growth in some sectors such as food industry for example. Customers do not want to buy food products particularly which are unpreserved because they have a fear of befoulment of the product. Likewise, some other sectors are large constructional equipments Automobile and pharmacy are some of the sectors that E-business has limitations.You may not receiv e what you believe you have purchased.Security Some of the ricks that a customer or supplier could flavor in E-business is the security. The customer faces risks such as financial records, personal privacy and viruses whereas the supplier face risks such as viruses and hackers.But it is apparent that the advantages of E-business outsmart its limitations. Thus concluding that every(prenominal) business have to change their mode of operation and adopt E-business for its success and global reach.http//www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-e-business.htmlInformation Systems Architecture in E-businessInformation systems architecture is in nothing but the organization development, system structure, technical support, and product delivery mechanisms for a business information system. Information architecture explains the physical design (Hardware, Buildings and software processes) involved in it. E-business uses many information systems in order to improve their busine ss effectively and efficiently.The information systems used in E-business architecture are explained more detailed in the following report.Transaction Processing systems(TPS)TPS supports the monitoring the transactions and also cooling, storing, processing and sub-categorizing the business transactions. The primary mechanism of this system is to provide the information needed by the organization in order to run the business more effectively. Generally information systems are designed within each functional area (Support systems, External Systems) thus increasing its effectiveness though proper integration of information systems. The following diagram explains the flow of information among the function areas within the information systems through integration. Integration is an substantial component in TPS.For example An E-business organization such as eBay has many transactions and if an electronic recompense is made, the amount must be either both withdrawn from one account and ad ded to the other account. In case of a failure preventing transaction completion, the partially executed transaction must be rolled back by the TPS.Management Information Systems (MIS)MIS is the system or method that delivers information needed in an organization. This information is used in decision making processes and other important functional areas. It covers each and every aspect of the organization such as reports, technical information (sales reports, analysts reports) in a business to run problems such as product costs, services and business strategies. Some of the features of MIS are Processes data into information.Directed towards middle managers.Information achieved is categorized accordingly so that it is easy to analyze the data when used in decision making.Executive Support Systems (ESS)ESS is also called as Enterprise Information System (EIS) that is mainly used by the senior level managers. At the top level management EIS supports strategic planning that may somet imes change the nature of the business process. The EIS information is generally Decision support system for the whole organization that helps the senior executives to analyze and monitor the data in the decision making process.Knowledge Management Systems(KMS)KMS is a kind of support systems between top level and middle level management. KMS is nothing but additional staff in organizations who act as advisors for senior and middle management. The concept of KMS is to help employees in the friendship to readily access the documents, information sources and solution.KMS is also responsible for finding new knowledge for the organization and compound it with existing knowledge.