The Pro Life Fetal Rights Movement :: Government Laws Fetus Papers

The Pro Life Fetal Rights Movement Problems with format Pro-life rhetoric is reshaping history to make room for a new class of citizens. The members of this new identity group are called "fetuses," and their legal protection is crucial to the heritage of and future of America. Lauren Berlant, in her essay, "America, 'Fat,' the Fetus"; describes the pro-life motivation to present fetuses as a class of citizens, and thereby add "a new group of "persons" to "the people"" (Berlant, 98). To do so, pro-lifers exploit the current convergence of public and private spheres. In the intimate public sphere, citizens are defined not by a common civic duty, but instead, by a shared morality. In this crisis of citizenship, with no one quite sure of where s/he stands in relation to the norm, and everyone forced into an identity politics, the fetus represents the ideal citizen - utterly vulnerable and in need of government protection. Pro-life arguments describing fetuses as the ultimately silenced, victimized minority capitalize on the shifting meanings of citizenship to find a place for the fetus within it. By mixing the language of minority politics (asserting distinct identities of classes of people who are victimized by society) and Reaganite ideology (affirming the politicization of the private sphere overseen by the government (Berlant, 3), the pro-lifers constructed the fetus as an image of perfect vulnerability: "the unprotected person, the citizen without a country or a future, the fetus unjustly imprisoned in its mother's hostile gulag" (Berlant, 97). The fetus's vulnerability and minority status speaks to the plight of the newly distinguished class of normative citizens (usually white, straight, middle-class men). "The culture of national fetality also newly touches the previously privileged  ¨C because unmarked  ¨C unexceptional citizen ¡Ã‚ ­ His new exposure to mass-mediated identity politics makes him experience himself as suddenly embodied and therefore vulnerable. An entire culture can come to identify with, and as, a fetus" (Berlant, 86). Feeling suddenly embodied and vulnerable, only recently exposed to identity politics, the formerly unmarked, nondescript citizens can now, too, relate to the minority-identity that the fetus has come to represent. At the same that the fetus is achieving minority status, the pro-life ideology is also placing its fate into the tale of our nation, making protection of the fetus crucial to the country's future. "Since we "are" what we have always "done," we violate our true selves if we act in ways that are different" (Condit, 44).

Anti War Activism in the World of Cyberspace & Beyond Essay

The group this study examines is an anti war group, called IVAW or Iraq Veterans Against the War (http://www. ivaw. org) initially organized by veterans of the Iraq War in 2004, one year after the start of the war in Iraq, and have expanded their mission to opposing the conflict in Afghanistan. This is clearly a group with potential, with a defined core demographic, but one which is, while sophisticated in the tools it is using, failing in its fundamental mission and goals, not to mention not maximizing the considerable power of the tools it has at its disposal. Yet despite these failings, the group is extremely holistic and uses many proven tactics, albeit unsuccessfully or not maximally utilized or executed, either lifted directly or fused into a new medium, used across many historical struggles – ones for civil rights, gender equity, art as protest, AIDS activism, and even class struggle, although in the latter issue, the group is still struggling to find its way to define its strategy effectively as all social activist groups do in America on this issue. But the fact remains, you won’t find many graduates of Harvard stationed in Kabul. And in a country reeling from high unemployment it is a perfect time to hit the establishment on exactly this issue. Overall Organizational Structure National Overview The current organization is a mostly virtual 501(c) 3 (non lobbying) non profit, with a national office located in New York City, and a website. There are four full time employees, 1,700 members, who are listed online, and 61 chapters in 48 states. Figure 1: IVAW Chapters Nationally Regional Organization The regional chapters are staffed by volunteer state/field organizers to coordinate state wide campaigns of all sorts (described below). The group has volunteer speakers (mostly vets) and a board. Core Demographics & Membership The core demographic are vets, both old and young, and their families. The socioeconomic level is primarily blue collar working class and those from America’s heartland, who signed up to serve because they had no sense of American foreign policy, or enlisted in the National Guard to get a college or advanced education in the first place, without realizing that they would be called upon to serve in actual combat and for repeated tours of duty which is unprecedented in American history. To the extent that the organization provides educational outreach, they are exceptional in their holistic approach. Where the group fails is how they do not effectively use the tools at their disposal to mobilize their membership. And that failure is contributing both to their low member count and to their ability to mobilize a mass protest to both wars. Fundraising The group raises funds through membership dues, volunteer fundraising efforts and selling merchandise. What is interesting and highly unique if not commendable about the merchandising it sells, however, is that much of it is produced by members, so the group is actively contributing both through their membership dues AND through their personal experiences to support the organization financially. It is a unique, therapeutic, and self sustaining model and one that creates greater unity for members. It is also a tactic, along with alternative outlets for TV production borrowed from the AIDS movement and The Quilt, which used the same tactics, albeit not always online, although the gay community, in particular, was one of the FIRST niches as a community, to use the internet and art as a way of building community, particularly in response to AIDS and social exclusion, not to mention build a social protest movement over 20 years ago. Tactics Employed & Why Website As Information & Organizing Tool The group uses various tactics including predominant reliance on its website as an information source and organizing tool. Despite the cyber advantage, their tactics mirror many of those used in classic anti war organizing efforts, from Vietnam onwards, with a few other movements mixed in (such as ACT UP). It’s just mostly anti Vietnam war protest gone cyber. However the website also includes valuable information that includes sections for those who would not necessarily know how to find it, or have the education to even know where to look. As a result, it is a valuable information tool for its members alone, not to mention free to anyone who stumbles across the website. Information includes: Supporting War Resisters Publishing the activities and ongoing stories of those who are actively refusing to participate in the policy of stop-loss, or the policy of forcing soldiers to serve repeated tours of duty against their will. Further the group is following each case and actively encouraging its membership to support each active resister by contacting the army base in question to support the resister to the army brass. Providing Information on IRR (Resisting Individual Ready Reserve Recall) Intimidation Tactics The group provides information about DoD’s increasingly aggressive tactics to force people who are no longer required to report for National Guard Duty, how to avoid being penalized or how to get legal guidance and representation online. Resources for Active Duty Service people, National Guard and Reserves The group provides information to active duty service members about what rights they have, posted on their website. Press Aggregator/Social Media Tool The group is actively promoting its message throughout both the traditional media and the blogosphere. The articles it generates are also posted on its website as links to the other sites and these articles serve as both information for readers and as links in a social community as part of an online activist strategy. Active Projects In addition to being a passive information source, the group is actively documenting the experiences of vets both as a healing tool and as an education and outreach effort. These include: Combat Paper: A sort of AIDS Quilt project for veterans, who literally beat their uniforms into paper and make these into art projects, transforming psychological scars and wounds into art as a healing process. Warrior Writer’s Project: A collection of essays that are the culmination of creative workshops (3 already have been held) where vets talk about their experiences in a healing environment and then write these experiences down. One book has already been compiled from such writing. At the second and third exhibits, readings from the first book were combined with photographs from the war. More exhibits are planned and so is a second book. Truth In Recruiting: Small groups are organized where vets talk about the lies the military perpetuates in recruiting and what to expect of active service. Veteran Gulf Reconstruction Project: The group is trying to raise money online to help rebuild the destroyed gulf communities they believe the money going to fight the wars is being diverted from rebuilding and further, vets living in the region. Coalitions: The group is building coalitions online with other natural allies. Listed groups on the website include: Veterans for Peace, Military Families Speak Out, Gold Star Families For Peace, Vietnam Veterans Against the War, Bring Them Home Now! Campaign, National Youth and Student Peace Coalition and United for Peace and Justice. The Blog & Social Media: The group has its own blog on its website and its members are clearly using social media networks as well (including posting video on You Tube and Vimeo for example). Field Events/Individual Speak Outs/Educational Events: The group holds events around the country, organized by the state organizers and often filmed and posted on the website. These range from policy discussions to individual vets’ who’ve served, who talk about their experiences in the field and why they are opposed to the wars. The Winter Soldier Project: By far, the most effective and powerful tool but underutilized for some unknown reason, is a project they have initiated called the Winter Soldier Project. It consists of short films, distributed almost everywhere on the internet, from the actual website of the group, to Vimeo to You Tube. One particularly powerful documentary is linked here. Why these have not gone viral is beyond comprehension, particularly given their powerful testimony, gripping video, and every day people reacting to what they hear in hardly militant circumstances, hardly the â€Å"hippy radical militant† anti war protester stereotype. The Role of the Group as an â€Å"Activist† Organization The activities of the group are clearly activist, as described in the activities above with a clearly defined agenda: to stop the wars and reinvest the money in America to build a more just and peaceful country and world. That is the fundamental definition of an activist organization, and one that uses traditional tools of an anti-war group at that, updated for the cyber age. The fact that they are so conscious and holistic in their approach to both stopping the wars and linking this to social inequity, civil rights and other societal injustices is even further evidence of their rightful appellation as an activist group. A Holistic Approach to Resistance The group is clearly using tried and true tactics as many online organizing groups before it. Unfortunately, in part, probably due to lack of funding, a mostly volunteer organization and a battered population of members, many of whom are on disability themselves, the group is severely limited in the kind of money it can raise and the ability of its members due to complicated disabilities that doctors still don’t know how to treat. Strategic and Tactical Failures Part of the group’s failure is the failure to identify the right demographics or utilize â€Å"cross niche† strategies for viral and social marketing for the powerful information they have to share and have already collected. Clearly they understand that linking to other veterans’ and student organizations is important, and clearly from the videos they produce, they are attracting a multicultural audience across middle America for their presentations, and not turning them off with militant tactics (such as Larry Kramer used or those used during the white student campus protests during Vietnam). That said, the latter two campaigns were highly effective, and achieved their goals, as much as they engendered violent reaction. One issue that is directly responsible for the group’s failure to capture more attention, is that they fall short, just as many before them, including the Obama campaign, of connecting in the way different demographic groups use the technology they have access to – in other words understanding that with the proliferation of G3 cell phones capable of accessing the internet for example, lower class people have access to the internet, but activists who want to reach them, in this case precisely the demographic this group wants to reach, but don’t know how to do so. A theory expanded upon by Lavato when he writes: â€Å"The next step of activism is for grassroots groups to connect online and offline organizing like Obama did, but targeting working-class people†¦. And the first step is for us to learn how our communities use their media and to engage them on their own terms. † This certainly answers the question for example, with a national unemployment rate as high as it is, and again falling predominantly on this demographic, why aren’t these videos, much less membership going through the roof? Even Larry Kramer was able to organize the sick and dying into an effective national organization WITHOUT THE INTERNET. That said, his tactics were very different. Perhaps that might explain why anti war efforts now including this group are so ineffective. Because the population Larry Kramer was fighting for was far more ostracized if not stigmatized than mostly straight young kids fighting for their country. How come these soldiers and vets are so ineffective seven years into two wars when Kramer effectively changed the way the government dealt with a devastating epidemic it otherwise would have ignored in far less time with far less effective tools? The answer lies in that IVAW have all the right instincts, and all the right tools, but they are fundamentally failing to implement them in the right ways. And that comes from a disconnect in strategy and class that is always present in every social movement that is driven from top down, rather than the grassroots. Which seems to be the problem here too. Strategic and Logistical Overhaul The group needs to start targeting states where there are large populations of military bases, and thus vets, and states with horrific social services (i. e. Medicaid), combined with high unemployment rates, like Texas, North Carolina, California, Colorado, etc. as shown on the map below. Figure 2: Map of 3 Month Decline in Economic Activity February – April 2010 The group needs to plot strategy demographically and economically if they are really going to make a difference, just like a political campaign. Cyberspace is a very nice place, but you have to ground it to have an effect. Feet on the ground and votes in ballot boxes are ultimately the most effective weapon in any organizational change â€Å"we can believe in,† to paraphrase a recent presidential candidate who used such techniques far more effectively. Conclusion The group is using tactics borrowed from successful grassroots and cyber online activist organizations such as Move On, (which may be the source of one of its failings) and of course political organizations of all kinds, offline and on including the presidential campaign of Barack Obama, MoveOn, ACT UP to even those used in the early days of anti-Vietnam protests. Why they haven’t connected to OTHER niche groups outside of the traditional ones they are already connected to is rather shocking, particularly given their sophistication in other areas. It also explains why they aren’t meeting their mission. Particularly as Obama has just pushed through the largest military budget in history. America is spending more for war under a Democratic administration, than even Bush, who expanded DoD’s budget to an all time high. The time is ripe for a group like this, with all the tools it has at its disposal, to explode, based on historical precedent and current widespread economic domestic suffering. It is a tragic case of a great idea, with all the right tools and dedicated people, who just don’t know how to execute their strategy and connect it to a larger, mainstream (or cross niche audiences) who will connect with the right message to help them achieve the ends they desire. An end to all wars and a reinvestment of America’s considerable resources in causes that are both domestic and associated with socioeconomic justice in America. Bibliography Cappuccio, S. N. (2006). Mothers of Soldiers and the Iraq War: Justification through Breakfast Shows on ABC, CBS, and NBC. Women and Language, 29(1), 3+. Retrieved May 11, 2010 Cox, M. S. (2006). â€Å"Keep Our Black Warriors out of the Draft†: The Vietnam Antiwar Movement at Southern University, 1968-1973. Educational Foundations, 20(1-2), 123+. Retrieved May 11, 2010 Hayes, C. (2008). MoveOn Ten Years Later. TheHollywoodliberal. com. Retrieved May 12, 2010 Juhasz, A. (1995). AIDS Tv: Identity, Community, and Alternative Video. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Retrieved May 11, 2010 Lovato, R. (2008, November/December). Upload Real Change. Colorlines, 11, 16+. Retrieved May 11, 2010 Poitier, B. (2007). Activist Larry Kramer Is Not Nice. Harvard. edu. gazette. com. Retrieved May 12, 2010 Seiler L. & Hamburg D. (2010). Obama’s first year: leading an empire in decline. Greenchange. org. Retrieved May 12, 2010 Wyatt-Morley, C. (1997). AIDS Memoir: Journal of an HIV-Positive Mother. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press. Retrieved May 11, 2010 Zuniga, R. (2002). The Work of Artists in a Databased Society: Net. Art as Online Activism. Afterimage, Vol. 29. Retrieved May 11, 2010

Is Marxism Still Relevant Today Essay - 2189 Words

The Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) had brought about significant changes in agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and technology and subsequently established an era of unprecedented economic growth in capitalist economies. It was within this era that Karl Marx had observed the deprivation and inequality experienced by men of the proletariat, the working class, who had laboured excessively for hours under inhumane conditions to earn a minimum wage while the bourgeoisie, the capitalist class, reaped the benefits. For Marx it was this fundamental inequality within the social and economic hierarchy that had enabled capitalist societies to function. While Marx’s theories, in many instances have been falsified and predictions†¦show more content†¦Considering that as of 2010, 45.4% of the Australian labour force comprised of women it would seem that Marx’s socialist perspective is less so equal or relevant in contemporary society. Marxism is often cited as being irrelevant within contemporary society due to the fact that Marx had critiqued an almost incomparable society. McDonald Brownlee (2001) argue that contemporary society exists in a post-modern era where westernised societies enjoy the benefits of higher living standards, where the rights of employees are elicited within the Australian Constitution and the rights of humans are dictated within Geneva conventions. An era where employees are entitled to government pensions, allowances, superannuation, and employees accrue sick and annual leave (McDonald Brownlee, 2001). Furthermore employees are able to seek union representation and are legally entitled to industrial action. McDonald and Brownlee (2001) assert that Fair Work Australia, established as an institution responsible for fixating minimum wage and resolving work related disputes, perpetuates the notion that Australia is in transition to become an egalitarian society with minimal class disparity . 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What viewpoint a person wi ll hold towards Marxism is largely dependable on the economical environment inRead MoreMarxism Is Based On The Social Theories Of Karl Marx And Friederich Engels1445 Words   |  6 PagesMarxism is based on the social theories of Karl Marx and Friederich Engels and has evolved and adapted to take into account the way that society functions today. It states that social change is determined by the economy and describes the relationship and the conflict between the ruling class (the Bourgeoisie) and the working class (the Proletariat). Marxism describes how society is biased purely to benefit of the ruling class and examines the exploitation of the working class. There are lots ofRead MoreSociology, Social Closure Essay (Higher)1585 Words   |  7 PagesAnalyse the extent to which social closure exists in UK society. Use two contrasting theories and relevant studies in your answer. INTRO Social stratification is the way in which society is stratified or made up of layers of social groups in a hierarchical way. Class stratification is a form of social stratification, which tends to split separate classes, whose members have contrasting access to resources and power. In Britain, society is structured in terms of inequality. Different classes tendRead MoreThe Value Of Philosophy And Its Influence On Society1271 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophical views still live today. Today, women have the same basic equal rights as men, such as voting. Presently, women and men attend school and the house maker role is no longer the soul job of a woman. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman though controversial at its time, was very influential as today many societies recognize a woman to be equal to a man. Wollstonecraft’s philosophical worked helped pave the road toward gender equality, and continues to as gender biases still exists. PhilosophyRead MoreBook Review : Why Read Marx Today?759 Words   |  4 PagesBook Review: Why Read Marx Today? (Jonathan Wolff; Oxford University Press; 2002) In this book, Wolff (UCL professor, philosopher, and columnist for the Guardian) tackles the immense task of analysing the validity and modern significance of Karl Marx and his teachings. As Wolff quickly points out in his introductory paragraphs, surely the fall of the Berlin Wall - along with the collapse of the so-called â€Å"‘Evil Empire’† (1) (the Soviet Union) - should have rendered the Marxist theorists beaten and

The American Revolution A Historiographical Introduction

The American Revolution, also known as the U.S. War of Independence, started in the early 1700s and ended in the late 1700s. This war was started in an attempt to end the tension between the American colonies and the British government. After reading the article, â€Å"The American Revolution: A Historiographical Introduction,† provided by The British Library, and â€Å"The Historiography of the American Revolution† by Michael Hattem, I have a better overall understanding of how the history of the American Revolution has changed over time. If I were to continue writing the article â€Å"The American Revolution: A Historiographical Introduction,† provided by The British Library I would choose to use a book titled â€Å"Revolutionary Characters: What Made The Founders Different,† written by Gordon S. Wood, and a book titled â€Å"Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation,† written by Joseph J Ellis as reference. The article â€Å"The American R evolution: A Historiographical Introduction,† provided by The British Library, goes over how the American Revolution’s history has changed throughout the years following it. The events of history cannot be changed but depending on the person explaining it is, the perspective will change. The article by Michael Hattem titled, â€Å"The Historiography of the American Revolution,† has a very similar idea. This article goes over different interpretations of multiple time periods. One of the books I would choose to use to continue writing the assigned articleShow MoreRelatedThe Great Lakes Region By Richard White1366 Words   |  6 Pageson the Great Lakes region during the colonial and early national periods in regards to the developing relationships between the intrusive French, British, Americans and the indigenous Native Americans. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires and Republics in the Great Lakes Region effectively links Native American history to broader themes in American history. He presents a convincing argument of how the Middle Ground, a place the French called the pays d’en haut, allowed for mutual accommodation andRead MoreMalcolm X: Historical Perceptions3235 Words   |  13 Pagesto future historians and more importantly, to the study of history. Principally, these differences of thought and perspective are greatly determined by the writers context, which in turn is at the core of the focus question, concerning the historiographical issue whether each generation writes the same history in a new way. Furthermore the purpose of this thesis is, not only, to show whether each generation does write the same history in a new way, but whether through this process the growth ofRead More My Friend Hamilton -Who I shot Essay6642 Words   |  27 PagesA Historiographical Discussion of the Duel Between Aaron Burr and The duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton holds a significant relevance in American history and should be examined within the context of early American culture and politics. The recent historiography of the incident provides us with a complex, evolving web of conflicting interpretations. Since the day of this tragic duel, contemporaries and historians have puzzled over why these two prominent American statesmenRead MoreBibliographic Essay on African American History6221 Words   |  25 PagesBibliographic Essay on African American History Introduction In the essay â€Å"On the Evolution of Scholarship in Afro- American History† the eminent historian John Hope Franklin declared â€Å"Every generation has the opportunity to write its own history, and indeed it is obliged to do so.†1 The social and political revolutions of 1960s have made fulfilling such a responsibility less daunting than ever. Invaluable references, including Darlene Clark Hine, ed. Black Women in

“Approximately 114,000 Potential Beneficiaries With At

â€Å"Approximately 114,000 potential beneficiaries with at least an associate’s degree would be immediately eligible for conditional LPR status† (Starbuck, 2015). That’s a big number of people who aren’t currently getting the help and assistance they need to live in the US. â€Å"Another 612,000 potential beneficiaries would be immediately eligible for conditional status because they already have a high-school diploma or GED (Starbuck, 2015). These student would ultimately receive somewhat of an incentive to complete two years at a college or to service in the military in order to be permanent residents of the US. I honestly think it’s unfair that they have to do anything to become citizens in the US other than just being a good person who is†¦show more content†¦This is a hot topic in Student Affairs, especially with DACA and the Trump administration coming into play. We discussed how some students are afraid to fill out paperwork because of what could happen from writing their name down on an official document, and I don’t blame them. The research shows the DREAM Act is such an important tool in helping these students advance in life and stop living in fear. I remember in 2012 reading articles stating that Obama basically passed the DREAM Act by himself. I didn’t do any research on it and I deffinetly did not know what the DREAM Act was my freshman year in college. Doing this research paper made me go back and look up those articles. One article (Amira, 2012) talks about a new Homeland Security policy which allows illegal immigrants between the ages of 15 and 30 years old, who came to the US at a young age will no longer have to live in fear of deportation. It’s technically not citizenship, which the DREAM Act would grant, but it is better than nothing. Hermes, 2008 is a study that discusses two things: One being how the DREAM Act will establish a path for legal status and eventually earn legal residency through two years of higher education or military service and the second this is how repealing a provision of federal lawShow MoreRelatedAn Explanation Of An Inadequate Food Intake And Repeated Infectious Diseases2363 Words   |  10 Pagesper cent. Since then, it s doubled, according to the 2013 Child Poverty Monitor, one in four children are now living in poverty. Almost 280,000 children are living in poverty. Sixty-three percent of poverty-stricken children are to be found in beneficiary households; 53 per cent in single parent families. One in six European children live in poverty with Maori and Pasifika twice as likely to be affected. (NZ herald Michael Botur August 26, 2014) Determinants that contribute to the issue of UndernutritionRead MoreGleim Questions26398 Words   |  106 Pagesincome, before income taxes, was $70,000. Included in the computation of this $70,000 was $10,000 of proceeds of a life insurance policy, representing a lump-sum payment in full as a result of the death of Kell’s controller. Kell was the owner and beneficiary of this policy since 2005. In its income tax return for 2012, Kell should report taxable life insurance proceeds of | | A. | $10,000 | B. | $8,000 | C. | $5,000 | D. | $0 | | Andi Corp. issued $1 million face amount of bonds in 2007Read MoreIncome Taxation Solutions Manual 1 300300 Words   |  1202 Pagesannually or investment income. This results from the application of the dividend tax credit and a refund of a portion of the corporate taxes on investment income. This is demonstrated below. Business Income Subject to SBD Corporate income Corporate tax Potential refund on distribution Available for dividend Tax on dividend (33%) Total tax: Corporation Individual Rate Investment Income $1,000 (150) 850 $1,000 (447) 553 0 850 (280) 267 820 (271) $ 570 $ 549 $150 280 $430 $180 271 $451 43% 45% BusinessRead MoreThe Use of Funds in Government Accounting60336 Words   |  242 Pages000 5. Paid cash for items received for: Administration 201,000 Public safety 730,000 6. Received items on order for: Administration 116,000 Public safety -- 7. Paid cash for items received for: Administration 114,000 Public safety -- 8. Collected revenues of: Property taxes -- Charges for services 81,000 Required: 1. Prepare the general journal entries necessary to record the budget and operating transactions 1.- 8. 2. Post theRead MoreTest Bank Hilton Herauf Modern Ad77200 Words   |  309 Pageswere worth $26,000 and $54,000, respectively. Assuming that Consolidated Financial Statements were prepared on that date, answer the following: 16. The Current Assets of the combined entity should be valued at: a) b) c) d) $7,000 $170,000 $86,000 $114,000 Ans: C Difficulty: Easy Level of Learning: Comprehension Topic: LO 4 hz 17. The Fixed Assets of the combined entity should be valued at: $70,000 $154,000 $160,000 $120,000 zle a) b) c) d) Ans: B Difficulty: Easy Level of Learning: Comprehension

Space and decoration in hellenistic houses Essay Example For Students

Space and decoration in hellenistic houses Essay The decoration of walls and lloors was used to structure thr spare in Hellenistic houses, by means of hierarchies which would have been easily tradable by a contemporary observer, but which need to be elucidated before we can understand their workings. I shall propose possible structures for these hierarchies in the design of mosaics and wall paintings, and then analyse some surviving houses, to show how their schemes of decoration might have worked in practice. A more detailed understanding of decoration should also be a useful tool for appreciating differences in status between houses at the same site and comparing houses across different sites. Moreover, studying the decoration of these houses gives an insight into changing patterns in the use of domestic space in the Hellenistic period. Most of the examples arc taken from Delos and Morgantina, which were abandoned in the late Hellenistic period or soon after, and thus preserve a range of housing in morc-or-lcss its late Hellenist ic state. The discussion will be dominated by mosaics and other types of pavement, as these tend to survive better than fragile wall plaster: the conclusions suggested are therefore incomplete and rather tentative. I shall mainly be concerned mainly with tessellated mosaics, which first appeared in the Greek world in the third century BC, replacing pebble mosaics as the standard type of decorated mosaic. The standard composition was the same in tessellated mosaic as in pebble mosaic (FIGS. 2, 3, 10, 13): it consisted of a decorated ‘carpet’ framed by a series of concentric borders with geometric, vegetal or figured decoration, around a central field which might he left plain, filled with geometric patterns or plant motifs, or decorated with a figured scene; the carpet was enclosed by a plain surround, which was often interrupted by a small decorated ‘mat* in front of the door. This composition was shaped by the function of the rooms in which the earliest mosaics were used: the majority of pebble mosaics in houses were in the andron or dining room, and they were designed to be viewed by the diners reclining on couches around the sides of the room.* Unlike pebble mosaics, tessellated mosaics arc found in rooms of all shapes and sizes opening off the central courtyard or peristyle of the house.3 Very few are in traditional   andrones with a raised border for couches , but it is still likely that many rooms with mosaics were used for dining, as they often have a broad, plain outer border of appropriate width for couches. Mosaics in ground-floor living-rooms arc roughly equally distributed between large and small rooms, although the small rooms are of two types: about a third are exedras with open fronts, and the rest have doors of normal width; it is not clear whether they were used for different purposes. The large rooms are of various shapes, but the most characteristic type is rectangular, with the entrance on one of the long sides (conventionally labelled the onus by modern authors). The most striking difference between the distribution patterns of pebble and tessellated mosaics is that a large proportion of tessellated mosaics were on upper floors, whereas all the known pebble mosaics were on the ground floor: leaving aside those in courtyards and vestibules (which, obviously, are always on the ground floor), tessellated mosaics are almost equally divided between ground and upper floor rooms. I have argued elsewhere that there appears to have been a general inflation in the decoration of private houses by the late Hellenistic period: four times as many houses have mosaics on Delos as at Olynthos, and the Delian houses have wall plaster in every room, whereas at Olynthos plaster was restricted to a fcwr rooms (most frequently the andron), and about half of the houses had none at all.4 Delos was an unusually rich community, and perhaps not strictly typical, but there is enough evidence from elsewhere to support the picture of increased luxury and ostentation. Wher eas in the fourth century a house with more than one decorated dining room was exceptional, it is not uncommon for late Hellenistic houses to have several rooms with mosaics and highly elaborate wall decoration. The finds from Delos illustrate another aspect of this decorative inflation: a large quantity of sculpture was found in the houses, ranging from small statuettes of stone or terracotta to life-size marble figures.5 Large-scale sculptures must have been especially prized: where bases survive in situ, it ran be observed that statues were carefully positioned to create attractive vistas, and it is likely that in some cases the placing of sculptures was planned when a house was built or remodelled; moreover, many of the niches in interior walls were probably intended to hold smaller figures. However, unlike mosaics and paintings, sculpture is portable, and it is rarely safe to assume that eventual findspots correspond to original locations: the frequency with which parts of the same statue are found in different rooms or even different houses is instructive. It is therefore rarely possible to give full weight to the part played by sculpture when considering the overall decorative programme of the house. As in the Classical period, the decoration is used to mark out hierarchies of space. The relative importance of the rooms is indicated by a hierarchy of pavement types and by the varying complexity of the designs on the pavements, complemented by wall painting, which was capable of expressing more subtly nuanccd distinctions. Decorative Hierarchies: Waei. Painting EssayThese arc found mainly in the less visible outer borders (Delos 171, 325) and in simple designs, most   commonly a chequerboard of black and white tesserae (Delos 10-12, 40, 44-6, 84). In two cases (Delos 10 and 12) the chequerboard forms a carpet with a red frame made of short strips of tile, up to 4 cm long, which again were presumably quicker and easier to lay than individual tesserae. Savings could also be made in the decoration of the pavement, by reducing the complexity of the design: tessellated mosaics tend to have broad plain bands between the decorated borders, and the central field is often left plain or filled with a repeating pattern. Repetitive geometric borders and simple coloured stripes separated by large expanses of plain mosaic would be relatively quick to lay, and might be made by a less skilled mosaicist. Figured work, on the other hand, is rare and usually confined to a small area of the pavement. It must have been very expensive, as it was most effective when executed in tiny tesserae of many colours {opus vtrmiculatum-. FIG. 4 a), often in costly materials such as glass and faience, and it required the services of a highly skilled craftsman for a long period; the many holes where figured panels have been prised out of the pavements attest to their high value. In general, there is a tendency for the finest tesserae and the most colourful and elaborate motifs to be placed nearer the centre, which limited their area, while the size and irregularity of the materials increase towards the edges of the floor. A customer commissioning a mosaic obviously had to weigh the complexity of the decoration against the size and regularity of the materials, and it is possible to guess at the compromises made by individual customers in order to get the desired area of mosaic for the price that they were able or willing to pay. The most striking example is the Maison des masques, which has four mosaics, three in very large rooms, and all with more than basic geometric decoration: one has two complex rosettes inhabited by tiny birds, and was later further elaborated by the addition of a still life of an amphora and a palm-branch (Delos 217); one has a border of comic masks linked by an ivy scroll (Delos 215); and two are figured, one showing Silcnos dancing to music played by a satyr (Delos 216), and the other Dionysos riding a leopard, flanked by centaurs (Delos 214). In terms of size, individualization and complexity, this is the most impressive mosaic ensemble on Delos. However, the ambitious design s arc not matched by the execution. With the exception of the Dionysos panel (FIG. 4 a), which was a prefabricated embUma, the mosaics arc entirely in standard-sized tesserae, mostly very irregular in shape, and laid carelessly and not very close together (FIG. 4 b). The overall effect is crude, and parts of the figured scenes arc difficult to make out: Silcnos appears to have only one arm. and the object held by one of the centaurs Is an unidentifiable blob. The mosaicists did not even manage to insert the Dionysos tmblana correctly, leaving roughly-patched gaps around the panel. It is hard to escape the conclusion that the owner of the house had aspirations beyond his means.

The Beatles Essays (1034 words) - Counterculture Of The 1960s

The Beatles The Beatles The Beatles started out in the British city, Liverpool where music was a way of life for many people. The Beatles were preceded by a John Lennon fronted band called the Quarry men. The group invited a 15 year old boy named Paul McCartney to see them perform a show. The then 16 year old John Lennon took to McCartney, that's when a unique and amazing song writing partnership began. The Quarry Men ended up falling apart at the seams. John Lennon and Paul McCartney kept in touch and eventually asked George Harrison to join they're group, tentatively named the Silver Beatles. The band talked a friend of theirs, Stuart Sutcliff, into buying a bass guitar, and added Pete Best on drums. They began getting recognition around Liverpool. That was around that time that Brian Epstein heard them playing and proposed that he assume position of their manager. The Beatles agreed and Epstein quickly arranged for them to go to Hamburg, Germany to play the local music clubs. While in Germany the band me t Ringo Star, who later officially joined the band, taking over for Pete Best. When the band was to return to England, Stuart decide that he wanted to stay in Germany with the girl he had met and fallen in love with there. So Paul picked up the bass guitar, they dropped the Silver from their name, and the Fab Four, as we came to know them, was ready for success. The Beatles were now ready to record their first album. Epstein introduced the band to the man sometimes referred to as the 5th Beatle, George Martin. Martin went on to produce all but one of the Beatles albums. Love me Do was their first record, released in October 1962. It did jump into the British Top 20 briefly but never really succeeded. It was the second song ?Please Please me? released in early 1963 which made them #1. The single topped the British charts for 30 weeks, an unheard of feat in the UK music market. They're second album is what really put them over the top in terms of popularity. In 1963 with the release of ?With the Beatles?, the band found success in both the UK and US, with the single ?I wanna hold your hand?. In February the Band visited the US to play on the Ed Sullivan show. Many people consider the Ed Sullivan show appearance to be the coming out party for the Beatles especially in America. For many it was their first glimpse of the fab four. There was much hype even before the broadcast. It was a time in America when Elvis had lost his edge, Ricky Valines, and the Big Bopper were killed, also the beloved president, John F. Kennedy was assassinated. The Beatles promised something new and fresh and had an attitude people liked. Anthony Corbett, a noted English psychologist praised the Beatles as having provided ?a desperately needed release for the inhibitions that exist in all of us?. Whatever it was, the Beatles had something the people needed because like so many bands of today their success didn't end there. Next, the Beatles made their first movie, ?A Hard Days Night?. Followed by extensive touring, and dominance of the billboard charts. Then their second movie ?Help? was released to sell out box offices across the world. Fredric Lewis of a London newspaper examined the sociological implications of Beatle-Mania and said ?they are working class and their roots and their attitude are firmly in the north of England. They are part of a strong-flowing reaction against the soft, middleclass south of England, which has controlled popular culture for so long? He added ?Because of their success, they can act as spokesman for the new, noisy, anti-establishment generation which is become a force in British life?. One can assume then, that people were ready for a change. The Beatles were one band that could offer change. With forthcoming albums ,such as ?Revolver?, ?Rubber Soul?, and ?Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band?, the Beatles proved that change was a very good thing. ?Sgt. Peppers? was considered the first concept album(songs unified by a common theme). No longer singing just dopey